The factors of Virchow's triad can result in:
Bronchoconstriction.
Pulmonary embolus.
Decreased pulmonary arterial pressure.
Alveolar collapse.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Bronchoconstriction refers to the narrowing of the airways in the lungs due to the contraction of the surrounding smooth muscle. This condition is typically associated with asthma or allergic reactions and is not directly related to Virchow's triad, which concerns factors leading to thrombosis (formation of blood clots).
Choice B reason: Pulmonary embolus is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, usually caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from the legs or other parts of the body (deep vein thrombosis). Virchow's triad describes the three primary factors that predispose individuals to thrombosis: hypercoagulability (increased tendency of blood to clot), stasis of blood flow, and endothelial injury (damage to the blood vessel wall). These factors contribute to the formation of blood clots, which can ultimately result in a pulmonary embolus if they dislodge and travel to the lungs.
Choice C reason: Decreased pulmonary arterial pressure is not a consequence of the factors described in Virchow's triad. In fact, a pulmonary embolus can lead to increased pulmonary arterial pressure due to the obstruction of blood flow in the pulmonary arteries, which can strain the right side of the heart and lead to complications.
Choice D reason: Alveolar collapse, also known as atelectasis, occurs when the tiny air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) deflate or fill with fluid. This condition is typically due to reasons such as airway obstruction, surfactant deficiency, or lung compression, and is not directly related to the formation of blood clots described by Virchow's triad.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Methotrexate is an immunosuppressive drug commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. One of the most important topics to address when teaching a patient about methotrexate is the risk for infection. Methotrexate can suppress the immune system, making patients more susceptible to infections. Patients should be educated on the signs and symptoms of infection, the importance of maintaining good hygiene, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and reporting any signs of infection to their healthcare provider promptly. This helps in early detection and management of infections, which can be severe in immunocompromised patients.
Choice B reason: The need for sunblock is important for patients taking certain medications that cause photosensitivity, but methotrexate is not typically associated with a high risk of photosensitivity. While sun protection is generally advisable, it is not the most critical teaching point for methotrexate.
Choice C reason: The need for an eye examination is crucial for patients taking medications like hydroxychloroquine, which can affect the eyes. However, methotrexate does not commonly require routine eye examinations, making this a lower priority in patient education.
Choice D reason: The risk for developing esophagitis is more relevant for patients taking medications that can cause irritation or damage to the esophagus, such as bisphosphonates. While methotrexate can cause gastrointestinal side effects, esophagitis is not a primary concern, making this less critical compared to the risk of infection.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Preventing constipation is not the primary reason for prescribing metoprolol alongside nifedipine. While managing side effects is important in patient care, metoprolol does not have a notable effect on gastrointestinal motility to address constipation.
Choice B reason: Reducing flushing is not the main purpose of metoprolol. Flushing can sometimes be a side effect of vasodilatory medications, but it is not the specific reason for adding a beta-blocker like metoprolol to a treatment regimen involving a calcium channel blocker like nifedipine.
Choice C reason: Minimizing gingival hyperplasia is not the intended effect of metoprolol. Gingival hyperplasia can be a side effect of certain medications, such as calcium channel blockers like nifedipine, but metoprolol does not specifically counteract this effect.
Choice D reason: Preventing reflex tachycardia is the primary reason for prescribing metoprolol alongside nifedipine. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, can cause vasodilation, which may lead to a reflex increase in heart rate (tachycardia) as the body tries to maintain blood pressure. Metoprolol, a beta-blocker, helps prevent this reflex tachycardia by slowing the heart rate and reducing the workload on the heart, thus complementing the antihypertensive effect of nifedipine.
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