Test plan area: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Difficulty level: Intermediate

The clinical most obvious manifestation of kidney stones is:

Choice A reason: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. It is not primarily marked by insulin resistance, which is more characteristic of type 2 diabetes. The genetic and environmental factors in type 1 diabetes lead to a lack of insulin production, rather than resistance.

Choice B reason: In type 1 diabetes, there is an absolute deficit in insulin production. This is because the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, individuals with type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to manage their blood glucose levels.

Choice C reason: While type 1 diabetes has genetic and environmental influences, the condition results in an inability to produce insulin rather than partial insulin production. The autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes leads to the destruction of almost all beta cells, resulting in an absolute deficit of insulin.

Choice D reason: Type 1 diabetes does not typically exhibit both insulin resistance and no insulin production. While some individuals with type 1 diabetes may develop insulin resistance over time (a condition known as "double diabetes"), the hallmark feature of type 1 diabetes is the absolute deficiency of insulin due to the autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

Choice A reason: Breastfed babies typically have unformed (rather than formed) stools that are yellow and seedy, not yellowish-brown. Formula-fed babies tend to have more formed stools that are light brown or tan in color. The stooling frequency is often higher in breastfed babies compared to formula-fed babies.

Choice B reason: This description is incorrect. Formula-fed babies typically have more formed stools that can range from light brown to tan, rather than yellow. Breastfed babies usually have yellow, unformed stools and tend to stool more frequently.

Choice C reason: Breastfed babies have soft, unformed, and yellow stools due to the easy digestibility of breast milk. Formula-fed babies tend to have less frequent stooling patterns and their stools are more formed and light brown in color. This difference is due to the different compositions of breast milk and formula.

Choice D reason: Breastfed babies do not usually have light brown stools; their stools are typically yellow and unformed. Formula-fed babies can have yellow stools in some cases, but more commonly, their stools are light brown or tan and more formed.