Signs and symptoms of dyspnea include

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up in the walls of arteries, leading to narrowing and reduced blood flow. Elevated levels of certain lipids, including low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides, are well-established risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis.

In contrast, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has been shown to have a protective effect against atherosclerosis. HDL is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because it helps to transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues (including the walls of arteries) back to the liver for processing and excretion. HDL also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may help to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.

In general, higher levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. However, the protective effect of HDL may vary depending on other factors such as smoking, obesity, and diabetes. It is important to maintain a healthy balance of lipids in the bloodstream, including a high level of HDL and low levels of LDL and triglycerides, in order to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases.

Ischemia refers to the temporary deprivation of blood supply to a particular tissue or organ, resulting in reduced oxygen and nutrient delivery to cells. This can lead to cellular injury and, if prolonged, irreversible damage. Infarction, on the other hand, refers to the death of tissue due to prolonged ischemia. Necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs when cells are damaged or injured and cannot survive. Inflammation is the body's response to tissue injury or infection, and can be a result of ischemia or necrosis.