Older adults should consume how much fluid per day?

Choice A reason: Overflow incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence that occurs when the bladder becomes overfilled and cannot empty completely. This causes urine to leak out of the bladder, even when the person does not feel the urge to urinate. A large residual urine volume is a common sign of overflow incontinence, as it indicates that the bladder is not emptying properly.

Choice B reason: Urge incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence that occurs when the bladder contracts involuntarily and causes a sudden and strong urge to urinate. This can result in urine leakage before the person can reach the toilet. A large residual urine volume is not a typical feature of urge incontinence, as the bladder tends to empty frequently and urgently.

Choice C reason: Stress incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence that occurs when the pelvic floor muscles that support the bladder are weakened or damaged. This causes urine to leak out of the bladder when the person coughs, sneezes, laughs, or exerts pressure on the abdomen. A large residual urine volume is not a common symptom of stress incontinence, as the bladder does not overfill or contract involuntarily.

Choice D reason: Functional incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence that occurs when the person has normal bladder function but cannot reach the toilet in time due to physical or mental impairments. This can be caused by mobility problems, cognitive decline, dementia, or environmental barriers. A large residual urine volume is not a characteristic of functional incontinence, as the bladder can empty normally when the person has access to the toilet.

Choice A reason: This statement is incorrect because the zoster vaccine Shingrix can be given to individuals who have had a previous episode of Herpes Zoster (HZ), as long as they are not currently experiencing an acute outbreak. The vaccine can help prevent future recurrences of HZ, as well as reduce the risk of postherpetic neuralgia, a painful complication of HZ.
Choice B reason: This statement is correct because the zoster vaccine Shingrix is recommended for all individuals over age 50 that have no contraindications to the vaccine, such as a history of severe allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine, or a current severe immunodeficiency. The vaccine can help prevent HZ and its complications, which are more common and severe in older adults.
Choice C reason: This statement is incorrect because the zoster vaccine Shingrix can be given to individuals with a chronic cardiac or respiratory condition, as long as they are not immunocompromised. The vaccine is not a live vaccine, so it does not pose a risk of causing or worsening the underlying condition. The vaccine can help protect the individuals from HZ and its complications, which can exacerbate their condition or interfere with their treatment.
Choice D reason: This statement is incorrect because the zoster vaccine Shingrix does not always prevent an individual from developing Herpes Zoster. The vaccine has a high efficacy rate of about 90%, but it is not 100%. The vaccine can reduce the severity and duration of HZ, as well as the risk of postherpetic neuralgia, if it does occur.