Nonspecific immunity includes mucus, tears and saliva that contain

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that destroys bacteria.

Choice A rationale:

Osmosis is the process by which water molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane. It does not directly involve the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in capillaries.

Choice B rationale:

Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. At the respiratory membrane, where the alveolar and capillary walls meet, gases move across the membranes, with oxygen entering the bloodstream and carbon dioxide exiting.

Choice C rationale:

Filtration is a process that separates particles from a liquid or gas, and it does not directly involve the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in capillaries.

Choice D rationale:

Colloid osmotic pressure refers to the pressure exerted by proteins in a blood vessel’s plasma that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system. It does not directly involve the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in capillaries.

Choice A rationale:

Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure to gain access to the thoracic organs, not specifically for removing air from the pleural space.

Choice B rationale:

A lung biopsy involves removing lung tissue for examination, not removing air from the pleural space.

Choice C rationale:

Lung re-expansion is the goal of the procedure, not the procedure itself.

Choice D rationale:

A chest tube is inserted to remove air from the pleural space and re-establish negative pressure so the lung can re-expand3.