A neonate born with ambiguous genitalia is diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This is an autosomal recessive disorder which causes an overproduction of:

Androgens

Vitamin K

Gonadotropin

Vitamin D

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

The correct answer is a) Androgens.

Choice A reason:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of genetic disorders affecting the adrenal glands, which are responsible for producing vital hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. In CAH, there is a deficiency of the enzyme 21-hydroxylase, which is crucial for the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone. As a result, the adrenal glands overproduce androgens, leading to symptoms such as ambiguous genitalia in newborns, early puberty, and rapid growth. Androgens are male sex hormones, including testosterone, which play a significant role in the development of male characteristics.

Choice B reason:

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood clotting and bone health. It is not related to the overproduction of hormones in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders, but it does not cause the symptoms associated with CAH, such as ambiguous genitalia or early puberty. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

Choice C reason:

Gonadotropins are hormones produced by the pituitary gland that stimulate the gonads (ovaries and testes) to produce sex hormones and gametes (eggs and sperm). While gonadotropins play a role in sexual development and reproduction, they are not overproduced in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The primary issue in CAH is the overproduction of androgens due to enzyme deficiencies in the adrenal glands. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

Choice D reason:

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for calcium absorption and bone health. It is not related to the overproduction of hormones in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to bone disorders such as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, but it does not cause the symptoms associated with CAH. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

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Correct Answer is ["A","D"]

Explanation

Choice A reason:

Facial edema is a common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome in children. This occurs due to the retention of fluid in the tissues, which is a result of the kidneys leaking protein into the urine (proteinuria). The loss of protein reduces the oncotic pressure in the blood vessels, leading to fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces, particularly noticeable around the eyes and face.

Choice B Reason:

Cloudy smoky brown-colored urine is not typically associated with nephrotic syndrome. This symptom is more indicative of hematuria, which is the presence of blood in the urine. Hematuria is more commonly seen in conditions such as glomerulonephritis rather than nephrotic syndrome.

Choice C Reason:

Weight loss is not a characteristic symptom of nephrotic syndrome. In fact, children with nephrotic syndrome often experience weight gain due to fluid retention. The accumulation of fluid in the body can lead to an increase in weight, rather than a loss.

Choice D Reason:

Frothy appearing urine is a hallmark sign of nephrotic syndrome. The frothiness is due to the high levels of protein being excreted in the urine (proteinuria). When protein is present in the urine, it can cause the urine to appear foamy or frothy.

Correct Answer is ["2"]

Explanation

Calculation Steps

Step 1: Determine the total urine output in mL.

Total urine output = 360 mL

Step 2: Determine the child’s weight in kg.

Weight = 15 kg

Step 3: Determine the time period in hours.

Time = 12 hours

Step 4: Calculate the urine output in mL/kg/hour.

Urine output (mL/kg/hour) = Total urine output ÷ (Weight × Time)

Step 5: Perform the multiplication inside the parentheses first.

Weight × Time = 15 kg × 12 hours = 180 kg·hours

Step 6: Perform the division.

Urine output (mL/kg/hour) = 360 mL ÷ 180 kg·hours = 2 mL/kg/hour

Result

The child’s urine output is 2 mL/kg/hour.

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A neonate born with ambiguous genitalia is diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This is an autosomal recessive disorder which causes an overproduction of:

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A school-age child has been admitted to the hospital with an exacerbation of nephrotic syndrome. Which clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to assess? (Select all that apply)

Correct Answer is ["A","D"]

Explanation

A 15 kg child has a urine output of 360 mL during the past 12 hours. Calculate the child’s urine output in mL/kg/hour for this period of time. (Do not enter units).

Correct Answer is ["2"]

Explanation

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