In chronic bronchitis, impaired gas exchange occurs as a result of

thickening of the bronchial walls, large amount of thick secretions, entrapped air.

chronic inflammation, thin secretions, and chronic infection.

chronic inflammation and decreased surface area of the alveolocapillary membrane.

respiratory alkalosis, decreased PCO2, and increased PO2.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Chronic bronchitis leads to airway obstruction due to thickened bronchial walls and excess mucus production, resulting in entrapped air and impaired gas exchange.

B. While chronic inflammation is a component, thin secretions are not characteristic of chronic bronchitis; they are typically thick.

C. Decreased surface area of the alveolocapillary membrane is more relevant in emphysema, not specifically in chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways.

D. Respiratory alkalosis and decreased PCO2 are not indicative of chronic bronchitis; instead, respiratory acidosis is often seen due to airway obstruction and retention of CO2.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Preload is typically increased in LHF, as blood backs up in the left side of the heart.

B. Although pleural effusion can occur as a secondary complication in some cases of heart failure, it is not as directly indicative of LHF as pulmonary edema.

C. Peripheral edema is more characteristic of right heart failure, where blood backs up in the systemic circulation.

D. Pulmonary edema is a hallmark finding in left heart failure as the left ventricle fails to pump effectively, causing fluid to accumulate in the lungs due to back pressure from the left atrium into the pulmonary veins.

A. benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). B. ovarian cancer. C. a kidney stone. D. a chlamydia infection.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Benign prostatic hypertrophy is a condition affecting the prostate in men, so it is not applicable in this case.

B. Ovarian cancer may cause pelvic pain, but the specific symptoms of abnormal discharge and acute pain suggest a more immediate infection rather than cancer.

C. A kidney stone typically presents with flank pain and may cause urinary symptoms, but it would not typically cause vaginal discharge.

D. A chlamydia infection can cause abnormal vaginal discharge and pelvic pain, and it is a common sexually transmitted infection presenting with these symptoms, consistent with the patient's history.

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In chronic bronchitis, impaired gas exchange occurs as a result of

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