In a medical record for a patient who has had an allergic reaction to a drug and an associated nursing diagnosis of Skin integrity, impaired, related to allergic reaction as evidenced by rash and hives, the nurse documents "Subjective: denies itching. Happy with improvement in skin. Objective: rash fading on face, chest, and back; no hives visible on skin. Skin warm, dry, and intact. Assessment: skin integrity improving. Plan: check rash daily until discharge." This type of documentation is an example of:

A. Summarizing: Summarizing involves condensing the patient's words into a concise form. It's a useful technique when the nurse wants to review and confirm what the patient has said, ensuring understanding and demonstrating active listening.

B. General lead: A general lead is an open-ended statement or question that allows patients to express themselves without feeling restricted. For example, "Tell me how your night was?" is a general lead because it prompts the patient to share their experiences openly.

C. Offering of self: Offering of self involves making oneself available, both physically and emotionally, to the patient. This can include showing empathy, understanding, and a willingness to listen. It helps create a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship.

D. Clarifying: Clarifying is a technique used when the nurse needs more specific information. It involves asking questions to ensure that the nurse correctly understands the patient's message, avoiding misunderstandings and ensuring clear communication. For instance, the nurse might say, "Can you please explain that part again?" to clarify a confusing statement made by the patient.

A. Assessment:

Explanation: Assessment is the first step in the nursing process. It involves gathering information about the patient's health status. This can include a patient's medical history, physical examination, and other vital signs. It's the phase where the nurse collects data to identify the patient's problems or needs.
B. Nursing Diagnosis:

Explanation: Nursing diagnosis is the second step in the nursing process, following assessment. During this step, the nurse analyzes the data collected during the assessment to identify nursing diagnoses or issues. Nursing diagnoses are clinical judgments about individual, family, or community responses to actual or potential health problems or life processes.
C. Evaluation:

Explanation: Evaluation is the last step in the nursing process. It involves assessing the patient's response to nursing interventions and determining if the goals and outcomes have been met. In the given scenario, the nurse is evaluating whether the pain medication administered 45 minutes ago has had the desired effect and has relieved the patient's pain.
D. Implementation:

Explanation: Implementation is the third step in the nursing process. During this phase, the nurse carries out the care plan that was designed during the planning phase. This can involve a variety of nursing actions, including administering medications, providing treatments, and educating patients. In the context of the scenario, giving pain medication is part of the implementation phase.