If a woman who is HIV positive takes antiretroviral therapy (ART) throughout her pregnancy, what is the approximate risk of transmitting the virus to the child?
5%
20%
15%
1%
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: This statement is incorrect, as 5% is too high for the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% with effective interventions, such as ART, safe delivery practices, and appropriate infant feeding¹.
Choice B reason: This statement is incorrect, as 20% is too high for the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to the WHO, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% with effective interventions, such as ART, safe delivery practices, and appropriate infant feeding¹.
Choice C reason: This statement is incorrect, as 15% is too high for the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to the WHO, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% with effective interventions, such as ART, safe delivery practices, and appropriate infant feeding¹.
Choice D reason: This statement is correct, as 1% is the approximate risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to HIV.gov, if a woman with HIV takes HIV medicine as prescribed throughout her pregnancy and childbirth and gives HIV medicine to her baby for 2-6 weeks after giving birth, the risk of transmitting HIV to the baby can be less than 1%.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is not a good choice. Septic shock is a type of distributive shock that occurs when an infection causes a systemic inflammatory response that leads to vasodilation, hypotension, and organ dysfunction. Septic shock is not the most common type of shock in children, although it can be a serious and life-threatening condition.
Choice B reason: This is not a good choice. Anaphylactic shock is a type of distributive shock that occurs when an allergic reaction causes a severe and rapid hypersensitivity response that leads to bronchoconstriction, angioedema, and hypotension. Anaphylactic shock is not the most common type of shock in children, although it can be a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
Choice C reason: This is not a good choice. Distributive shock is a broad category of shock that occurs when there is a loss of vascular tone and blood volume distribution that leads to hypoperfusion and tissue hypoxia. Distributive shock can be caused by various factors, such as sepsis, anaphylaxis, neurogenic injury, or adrenal insufficiency. Distributive shock is not the most common type of shock in children, although it can be a complex and challenging condition to manage.
Choice D reason: This is the correct choice. Hypovolemic shock is the most common type of shock in children. Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is a loss of blood or fluid volume that leads to decreased preload, cardiac output, and blood pressure. Hypovolemic shock can be caused by various factors, such as hemorrhage, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, or burns. Hypovolemic shock can be a life-threatening condition that requires prompt fluid resuscitation and correction of the underlying cause.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Increased stroke volume is not a correct answer as it means that the heart pumps more blood with each contraction. This would result in increased blood pressure and perfusion, not cool extremities, weak pulses, and low urine output.
Choice B reason: Cardiac arrhythmia is not a correct answer as it means that the heart beats irregularly or abnormally. This can cause palpitations, chest pain, or fainting, but not necessarily cool extremities, weak pulses, and low urine output.
Choice C reason: Decreased cardiac output is a correct answer as it means that the heart pumps less blood than the body needs. This can result from a ventricular septal defect, which causes blood to shunt from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, reducing the amount of oxygenated blood that reaches the tissues. This can cause cool extremities, weak pulses, and low urine output, as well as fatigue, poor growth, and shortness of breath.
Choice D reason: Cyanosis is not a correct answer as it means that the skin, lips, or nails turn blue due to low oxygen levels in the blood. This can occur in some cases of ventricular septal defect, especially if there is pulmonary hypertension or a reversal of the shunt. However, cyanosis is not a direct cause of cool extremities, weak pulses, and low urine output.
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