An older adult is diagnosed to be in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease. The diagnosis is made on the presence of which of the following outcomes? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A reason: Teaching the client alternative comfort measures is not the best recommendation for the nurse to implement, as it may imply that the client's pain is not taken seriously or that the nurse is reluctant to provide pain relief. The nurse would teach the client alternative comfort measures, such as relaxation techniques, distraction, or massage, as a supplement to the pain medication, not as a substitute.

Choice B reason: Telling the client that it is too soon for pain medication is not a good recommendation for the nurse to implement, as it may make the client feel dismissed, ignored, or judged. The nurse would follow the prescribed pain medication schedule, but also consider the client's individual needs and preferences, and adjust the dosage or frequency as needed, with the doctor's approval.

Choice C reason: Administering the pain medication as requested by the client is not a safe recommendation for the nurse to implement, as it may cause overdose, addiction, or adverse effects. The nurse would administer the pain medication as prescribed by the doctor, and monitor the client's response, side effects, and vital signs.

Choice D reason: Validating the pain with other assessment data is the best recommendation for the nurse to implement, as it shows respect, empathy, and professionalism. The nurse would acknowledge the client's pain, ask about the location, intensity, quality, and duration of the pain, and use a pain scale or a pain assessment tool to measure the pain. The nurse would also check for any physical or behavioral signs of pain, such as grimacing, guarding, or restlessness. The nurse would document the pain assessment and report any changes or concerns to the doctor.

Choice A reason: A detached retina is a serious condition that occurs when the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye, separates from its underlying support tissue. It can cause vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly. However, it does not usually cause intense headaches or bloodshot eyes, but rather flashes of light, floaters, or a curtain-like shadow over the visual field.

Choice B reason: Macular degeneration is a common eye disorder that affects the macula, the central part of the retina that is responsible for sharp and detailed vision. It can cause blurred or distorted vision, especially in the center of the visual field. However, it does not usually cause intense headaches or bloodshot eyes, but rather difficulty reading, recognizing faces, or seeing colors.

Choice C reason: Cataracts are cloudy areas in the lens of the eye that can impair vision. They are usually related to aging, but can also be caused by other factors such as diabetes, trauma, or radiation. They can cause blurred or dim vision, sensitivity to light, or halos around lights. However, they do not usually cause intense headaches or bloodshot eyes, but rather gradual and painless vision loss.

Choice D reason: Angle-closure glaucoma is a type of glaucoma that occurs when the drainage angle of the eye becomes blocked, causing a sudden increase in the pressure inside the eye. It can damage the optic nerve and lead to permanent vision loss if not treated immediately. It can cause intense headaches, bloodshot eyes, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, or seeing rainbow-colored rings around lights. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention.