A patient with COPD would be expected to have

loss of protective respiratory mechanisms due to prolonged irritation or damage.

localized swelling and Inflammation within the lungs.

an acute viral Infection of the respiratory tract.

inflammation and swelling of the sinus membranes over a prolonged period.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A) Loss of protective respiratory mechanisms due to prolonged irritation or damage:
Individuals with COPD often experience a progressive loss of protective respiratory mechanisms over time. Chronic exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke leads to inflammation, structural changes in the airways, and destruction of lung tissue, impairing the body's ability to clear mucus, trap foreign particles, and maintain normal lung function. This loss of protective mechanisms contributes to the hallmark symptoms of COPD, including airflow limitation, chronic cough, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

B) Localized swelling and inflammation within the lungs:
While inflammation is a hallmark feature of COPD, it typically manifests as widespread inflammation throughout the lungs rather than localized swelling. In COPD, chronic exposure to irritants leads to a systemic inflammatory response that affects the entire respiratory tract, including the bronchi and alveoli. This inflammation contributes to airway obstruction, mucus hypersecretion, and the development of respiratory symptoms.

C) An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract:
While individuals with COPD are at increased risk of respiratory infections, including viral infections such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), COPD itself is a chronic, progressive respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation. Acute viral infections may exacerbate COPD symptoms and lead to worsening respiratory function, but they are not inherent features of the disease itself.

D) Inflammation and swelling of the sinus membranes over a prolonged period:
Sinus inflammation and swelling, known as sinusitis, are not typically considered primary features of COPD. While individuals with COPD may experience comorbid conditions such as chronic rhinosinusitis, which can contribute to respiratory symptoms and exacerbations, sinus inflammation is not a defining characteristic of the disease.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Excretion:
This is the correct answer. The kidneys play a crucial role in the excretion of drugs and their metabolites from the body. After drugs undergo metabolism in the liver or other tissues, the resulting metabolites are often water-soluble and can be filtered by the kidneys into the urine. This process helps eliminate drugs and their byproducts from the body, preventing their accumulation and potential toxicity.

B) Absorption:
Absorption refers to the movement of drugs from the site of administration into the bloodstream. While the kidneys do not directly facilitate drug absorption, they may indirectly influence drug absorption by regulating blood flow and systemic circulation.

C) Metabolism:
Metabolism, or biotransformation, involves the enzymatic alteration of drugs into metabolites, which are often more water-soluble and easier to excrete. While the liver is the primary site of drug metabolism, the kidneys do not play a direct role in drug metabolism.

D) Distribution:
Distribution refers to the movement of drugs from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs in the body. While the kidneys do not directly influence drug distribution, changes in renal function can affect drug distribution by altering blood flow and plasma protein binding. However, the primary role of the kidneys in pharmacokinetics is excretion, not distribution.

A. Apples B. Fish C. Crackers D. Bananas

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A) Apples:
Apples are not contraindicated with spironolactone use. There are no known interactions between spironolactone and apples.

B) Fish:
Fish is not contraindicated with spironolactone use. There are no known interactions between spironolactone and fish.

C) Crackers:
Crackers are not contraindicated with spironolactone use. There are no known interactions between spironolactone and crackers.

D) Bananas:
Bananas are high in potassium, and spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic. Ingesting potassium-rich foods such as bananas while taking spironolactone can increase the risk of hyperkalemia. Therefore, the nurse should instruct the client to avoid consuming large amounts of potassium-rich foods like bananas to prevent adverse effects."

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A patient with COPD would be expected to have

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

What role do the kidneys have in the pharmacokinetics process?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

When providing medication te”ching to a client who has been prescribed spironolactone for hypertension, what foods should the nurse instruct the client to avoid?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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