A patient with COPD would be expected to have

loss of protective respiratory mechanisms due to prolonged irritation or damage.

localized swelling and Inflammation within the lungs.

an acute viral Infection of the respiratory tract.

inflammation and swelling of the sinus membranes over a prolonged period.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A) Loss of protective respiratory mechanisms due to prolonged irritation or damage:
Individuals with COPD often experience a progressive loss of protective respiratory mechanisms over time. Chronic exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke leads to inflammation, structural changes in the airways, and destruction of lung tissue, impairing the body's ability to clear mucus, trap foreign particles, and maintain normal lung function. This loss of protective mechanisms contributes to the hallmark symptoms of COPD, including airflow limitation, chronic cough, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

B) Localized swelling and inflammation within the lungs:
While inflammation is a hallmark feature of COPD, it typically manifests as widespread inflammation throughout the lungs rather than localized swelling. In COPD, chronic exposure to irritants leads to a systemic inflammatory response that affects the entire respiratory tract, including the bronchi and alveoli. This inflammation contributes to airway obstruction, mucus hypersecretion, and the development of respiratory symptoms.

C) An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract:
While individuals with COPD are at increased risk of respiratory infections, including viral infections such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), COPD itself is a chronic, progressive respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation. Acute viral infections may exacerbate COPD symptoms and lead to worsening respiratory function, but they are not inherent features of the disease itself.

D) Inflammation and swelling of the sinus membranes over a prolonged period:
Sinus inflammation and swelling, known as sinusitis, are not typically considered primary features of COPD. While individuals with COPD may experience comorbid conditions such as chronic rhinosinusitis, which can contribute to respiratory symptoms and exacerbations, sinus inflammation is not a defining characteristic of the disease.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Hypoxemia:
This is the correct answer. Atelectasis, which is the collapse or incomplete inflation of the lung, can lead to impaired gas exchange and subsequent hypoxemia. As lung volume decreases due to collapse, ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch occurs, resulting in decreased oxygenation of arterial blood. Hypoxemia is a common finding in individuals with atelectasis and may manifest as decreased oxygen saturation levels on pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas analysis.

B) Apnea:
Apnea, defined as the cessation of breathing, is not typically associated with atelectasis. While atelectasis can contribute to respiratory compromise and may result in respiratory distress, including tachypnea or increased work of breathing, it does not usually lead to complete cessation of breathing.

C) Pleural effusion:
A pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space surrounding the lungs. While pleural effusion may occur concurrently with atelectasis, it is not an expected finding specifically associated with atelectasis itself. Pleural effusion may cause respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea or chest pain but is not a primary manifestation of atelectasis.

D) Dysphagia:
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is unrelated to atelectasis. While dysphagia can occur as a result of various conditions affecting the esophagus or neurological control of swallowing, it is not a typical manifestation of atelectasis. Atelectasis primarily affects the lungs and respiratory function rather than swallowing function.

A. STAT administration of atropine B. administration of activated charcoal C. hemodialysis D. intravenous administration of pseudoephedrine

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) STAT administration of atropine:
This is the correct answer. Atropine is a cholinergic antagonist that can increase heart rate by blocking the action of acetylcholine on cardiac muscarinic receptors. In cases of severe bradycardia, especially if associated with symptoms such as dizziness, syncope, or hypotension, atropine is often administered to increase heart rate and improve cardiac output. The dose of atropine and frequency of administration depend on the severity of bradycardia and the clinical response.

B) Administration of activated charcoal:
Activated charcoal is used in cases of overdose or poisoning to absorb ingested toxins and prevent their absorption into the bloodstream. However, in this scenario, where the primary concern is bradycardia resulting from cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil) toxicity, activated charcoal would not be effective in reversing the bradycardic effects of the medication.

C) Hemodialysis:
Hemodialysis is a renal replacement therapy used to remove toxins and waste products from the blood in individuals with kidney failure. While hemodialysis may be indicated in cases of severe drug overdose or poisoning to enhance toxin elimination, it is not typically used as a first-line intervention for bradycardia associated with cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity.

D) Intravenous administration of pseudoephedrine:
Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug that acts as a vasoconstrictor and can increase heart rate and blood pressure. While it may be used to treat bradycardia in some cases, such as severe symptomatic bradycardia unresponsive to atropine, it is not the first-line treatment for cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity-induced bradycardia. Atropine is preferred due to its direct antagonism of muscarinic receptors in the heart.

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A patient with COPD would be expected to have

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client 1 day postoperative who has developed atelectasis. Which of the following manifestations is an expected finding for this condition?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A 78-year-old client is admitted to the emergency department with a heart rate of 34 beats/min. Family members tell the nurse that the client may have mistakenly taken several doses of donepezil. The nurse should anticipate what intervention to treat the client's bradycardia?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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