A patient with COPD would be expected to have

loss of protective respiratory mechanisms due to prolonged irritation or damage.

localized swelling and Inflammation within the lungs.

an acute viral Infection of the respiratory tract.

inflammation and swelling of the sinus membranes over a prolonged period.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A) Loss of protective respiratory mechanisms due to prolonged irritation or damage:
Individuals with COPD often experience a progressive loss of protective respiratory mechanisms over time. Chronic exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke leads to inflammation, structural changes in the airways, and destruction of lung tissue, impairing the body's ability to clear mucus, trap foreign particles, and maintain normal lung function. This loss of protective mechanisms contributes to the hallmark symptoms of COPD, including airflow limitation, chronic cough, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

B) Localized swelling and inflammation within the lungs:
While inflammation is a hallmark feature of COPD, it typically manifests as widespread inflammation throughout the lungs rather than localized swelling. In COPD, chronic exposure to irritants leads to a systemic inflammatory response that affects the entire respiratory tract, including the bronchi and alveoli. This inflammation contributes to airway obstruction, mucus hypersecretion, and the development of respiratory symptoms.

C) An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract:
While individuals with COPD are at increased risk of respiratory infections, including viral infections such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), COPD itself is a chronic, progressive respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation. Acute viral infections may exacerbate COPD symptoms and lead to worsening respiratory function, but they are not inherent features of the disease itself.

D) Inflammation and swelling of the sinus membranes over a prolonged period:
Sinus inflammation and swelling, known as sinusitis, are not typically considered primary features of COPD. While individuals with COPD may experience comorbid conditions such as chronic rhinosinusitis, which can contribute to respiratory symptoms and exacerbations, sinus inflammation is not a defining characteristic of the disease.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Hypoxemia:
This is the correct answer. Atelectasis, which is the collapse or incomplete inflation of the lung, can lead to impaired gas exchange and subsequent hypoxemia. As lung volume decreases due to collapse, ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch occurs, resulting in decreased oxygenation of arterial blood. Hypoxemia is a common finding in individuals with atelectasis and may manifest as decreased oxygen saturation levels on pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas analysis.

B) Apnea:
Apnea, defined as the cessation of breathing, is not typically associated with atelectasis. While atelectasis can contribute to respiratory compromise and may result in respiratory distress, including tachypnea or increased work of breathing, it does not usually lead to complete cessation of breathing.

C) Pleural effusion:
A pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space surrounding the lungs. While pleural effusion may occur concurrently with atelectasis, it is not an expected finding specifically associated with atelectasis itself. Pleural effusion may cause respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea or chest pain but is not a primary manifestation of atelectasis.

D) Dysphagia:
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is unrelated to atelectasis. While dysphagia can occur as a result of various conditions affecting the esophagus or neurological control of swallowing, it is not a typical manifestation of atelectasis. Atelectasis primarily affects the lungs and respiratory function rather than swallowing function.

A. Temperature and respiratory rate B. Heart rate and blood pressure C. Level of consciousness and pain level D. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Temperature and respiratory rate:
While monitoring temperature and respiratory rate are important aspects of a comprehensive assessment, they are not the priority assessments before administering metoprolol. Metoprolol is a beta-blocker primarily used to lower heart rate and blood pressure, so assessing the client's heart rate and blood pressure is more relevant.

B) Heart rate and blood pressure:
This is the correct answer. Before administering metoprolol, it is essential to assess the client's heart rate and blood pressure. Metoprolol is a beta-blocker medication that primarily affects heart rate and blood pressure. Monitoring these vital signs helps ensure that the medication is administered safely and effectively.

C) Level of consciousness and pain level:
Assessing the client's level of consciousness and pain level are important aspects of nursing care, but they are not the priority assessments before administering metoprolol. These assessments may be relevant depending on the client's overall condition and specific care needs, but they are not directly related to the action or side effects of metoprolol.

D) Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate:
Monitoring oxygen saturation and respiratory rate are important aspects of respiratory assessment, but they are not the priority assessments before administering metoprolol. While metoprolol can affect respiratory function as a potential side effect, its primary action is on heart rate and blood pressure. Therefore, assessing heart rate and blood pressure are more pertinent before administering this medication.

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A patient with COPD would be expected to have

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client 1 day postoperative who has developed atelectasis. Which of the following manifestations is an expected finding for this condition?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A resident of a long-term care facility receives 12.5 mg metoprolol (Lopressor) at 8 AM and 8 PM daily. Before administering this drug, the nurse should perform and document what assessment findings?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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