A patient with COPD would be expected to have

loss of protective respiratory mechanisms due to prolonged irritation or damage.

localized swelling and Inflammation within the lungs.

an acute viral Infection of the respiratory tract.

inflammation and swelling of the sinus membranes over a prolonged period.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A) Loss of protective respiratory mechanisms due to prolonged irritation or damage:
Individuals with COPD often experience a progressive loss of protective respiratory mechanisms over time. Chronic exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke leads to inflammation, structural changes in the airways, and destruction of lung tissue, impairing the body's ability to clear mucus, trap foreign particles, and maintain normal lung function. This loss of protective mechanisms contributes to the hallmark symptoms of COPD, including airflow limitation, chronic cough, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

B) Localized swelling and inflammation within the lungs:
While inflammation is a hallmark feature of COPD, it typically manifests as widespread inflammation throughout the lungs rather than localized swelling. In COPD, chronic exposure to irritants leads to a systemic inflammatory response that affects the entire respiratory tract, including the bronchi and alveoli. This inflammation contributes to airway obstruction, mucus hypersecretion, and the development of respiratory symptoms.

C) An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract:
While individuals with COPD are at increased risk of respiratory infections, including viral infections such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), COPD itself is a chronic, progressive respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation. Acute viral infections may exacerbate COPD symptoms and lead to worsening respiratory function, but they are not inherent features of the disease itself.

D) Inflammation and swelling of the sinus membranes over a prolonged period:
Sinus inflammation and swelling, known as sinusitis, are not typically considered primary features of COPD. While individuals with COPD may experience comorbid conditions such as chronic rhinosinusitis, which can contribute to respiratory symptoms and exacerbations, sinus inflammation is not a defining characteristic of the disease.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) The parasympathetic nervous system:
This is the correct answer. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for regulating rest and digestion. It controls activities such as increased gastric motility, secretion of digestive enzymes, and relaxation of sphincters in the gastrointestinal tract. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system promotes digestion and absorption of nutrients by increasing gastrointestinal activity.

B) The limbic system:
The limbic system is primarily involved in emotions, behavior, and long-term memory formation. While emotions can influence gastrointestinal function, including appetite and digestion, the limbic system itself does not directly control gastric motility and digestion.

C) The central nervous system:
The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord and plays a vital role in integrating and coordinating all body activities. While it indirectly influences gastrointestinal function through autonomic nervous system control, it is not the primary regulator of gastric motility and digestion.

D) The sympathetic nervous system:
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's fight or flight response, which involves activities such as increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow away from the digestive organs to skeletal muscles during times of stress or arousal. It typically inhibits digestive processes, including gastric motility, to conserve energy for immediate survival needs.

Correct Answer is ["675"]

Explanation

1. Convert client weight from pounds to kilograms (kg):

We know 1 kg = 2.205 pounds.

Client weight (kg) = 198 lb / 2.205 lb/kg = 90 kg (round to nearest whole number for this calculation).

2. Calculate the total daily dosage:

Prescribed dosage per kg per day: 15 mg/kg/day

Client weight (kg): 90 kg (rounded value from step 1)

Total daily dosage (mg): Dosage (mg/kg/day) x Client weight (kg)

Total daily dosage (mg): 15 mg/kg/day x 90 kg = 1350 mg/day

3. Since the dosage is divided equally every 12 hours, calculate the amount per dose:

Frequency of administration: Every 12 hours

Total daily dosage (mg): 1350 mg/day

Dosage per dose (mg) = Total daily dosage (mg) / Frequency (doses/day)

Dosage per dose (mg) = 1350 mg/day / 2 doses/day

Dosage per dose (mg) = 675 mg/dose (round to nearest whole number as requested)

Therefore, the nurse should administer approximately 675 mg of vancomycin with each dose.

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A patient with COPD would be expected to have

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Increased gastric motility and digestion are controlled by which of the following?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse is preparing to administer vancomycin 15 mg/kg/day divided equally every 12 hr. The client weighs 198 lb. How many mg should the nurse administer with each dose? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.)

Correct Answer is ["675"]

Explanation

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Antitussives are useful in blocking the cough reflex and preserving the energy associated with prolonged, nonproductive coughing. Antitussives are best used with