A patient has been diagnosed with heart failure and cardiac output is decreased. Which formula can the nurse use to calculate cardiac output?

Ventricular filling time/diastolic filling time

Stroke volume x heart rate

Myocardial contractility x myocardial blood flow

Preload/afterload

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. Ventricular filling time and diastolic filling time are not formulas used to calculate cardiac output; they pertain to the phases of the cardiac cycle.
B. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat) by heart rate (the number of beats per minute). This formula accurately reflects the overall volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute.
C. Myocardial contractility and myocardial blood flow are important factors in cardiac function but do not directly provide a formula for calculating cardiac output.
D. Preload and afterload are factors that affect stroke volume but are not used to calculate cardiac output directly.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. While anxiety may contribute to hyperventilation, in the context of a febrile child, the primary factor is usually metabolic.
B. Increased metabolic demands due to fever can elevate the body’s oxygen requirements, prompting hyperventilation as a compensatory mechanism.
C. Decreased drive to breathe would not lead to hyperventilation; rather, it might result in hypoventilation or respiratory distress.
D. Infection destroying lung tissues would typically lead to respiratory distress or failure, not directly cause hyperventilation without the context of increased metabolic needs.

A. A patient with hypercapnia wearing an oxygen mask B. A patient with a chest tube ambulating with the chest tube unclamped C. A patient with thick secretions being tracheal suctioned first and then orally D. A patient with a new tracheostomy and tracheostomy obturator at bedside

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. A patient with hypercapnia requires monitoring, but wearing an oxygen mask indicates some level of intervention is in place.
B. A patient with a chest tube should never ambulate with the chest tube unclamped, as this can lead to a collapsed lung and respiratory distress; thus, this patient should be prioritized.
C. While a patient with thick secretions may need suctioning, this is not as critical as ensuring the safety of a patient with an unclamped chest tube.
D. A patient with a new tracheostomy requires monitoring, but the presence of the obturator indicates readiness for emergencies; this does not take priority over the safety of the patient with the chest tube.

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A patient has been diagnosed with heart failure and cardiac output is decreased. Which formula can the nurse use to calculate cardiac output?

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