A patient asks a nurse why a friend who is taking the same drug responds differently to that drug. The nurse knows that the most common variation in drug response is due to differences in each patient’s:
Psychosocial response
Drug receptor sites
Metabolism of drugs
Hypersensitivity potential
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A Reason:
Psychosocial factors, such as stress, beliefs, and expectations, can influence drug response to some extent. However, they are not the primary reason for the most common variations in drug response. These factors might affect how a patient perceives the effectiveness of a drug, but they do not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of the drug itself.
Choice B Reason:
Drug receptor sites can vary between individuals, affecting how well a drug binds and exerts its effect. While this can contribute to differences in drug response, it is not the most common cause. Variations in receptor sites are often due to genetic differences, which can influence the efficacy and potency of a drug.
Choice C Reason:
This is the correct answer. The metabolism of drugs is the most common cause of variation in drug response among individuals. Differences in metabolic rates can be attributed to genetic factors, age, liver function, and the presence of other medications. These factors affect how quickly a drug is broken down and eliminated from the body, leading to variations in drug levels and responses.
Choice D Reason:
Hypersensitivity potential refers to the likelihood of an individual having an allergic reaction to a drug. While this can cause significant differences in drug response, it is not the most common reason for variations. Hypersensitivity reactions are relatively rare compared to metabolic differences.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Oxygenation of the cells is a necessary process during reperfusion, but it is not the direct cause of reperfusion injury. The injury occurs due to the sudden influx of oxygen, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. These free radicals cause oxidative stress and damage to the myocardial cells.
Choice B Reason:
Free radical formation is the primary mechanism behind reperfusion injury. When blood flow is restored to the ischemic myocardium, the sudden reintroduction of oxygen leads to the production of free radicals. These free radicals cause significant oxidative damage to the cell membranes, proteins, and DNA, exacerbating the injury to the heart tissue.
Choice C Reason:
An increased metabolic state can occur during reperfusion as the cells attempt to recover from ischemia. However, it is not the direct cause of reperfusion injury. The primary issue is the oxidative stress caused by free radicals, not the metabolic changes themselves.
Choice D Reason:
Lactic acid build-up is a consequence of anaerobic metabolism during the ischemic period, not a cause of reperfusion injury. During ischemia, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, leading to lactic acid accumulation. However, once oxygen is reintroduced, the focus shifts to the oxidative damage caused by free radicals rather than lactic acid.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for the “fight or flight” response, which prepares the body to respond to perceived threats. One of the primary effects of SNS activation is an increase in heart rate. This is achieved through the release of catecholamines like adrenaline, which stimulate the heart to pump more blood to vital organs and muscles.
Choice B Reason:
Another effect of SNS activation is an increase in blood glucose levels. This occurs because the body needs more energy to respond to stress. The SNS stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, ensuring that muscles and other tissues have enough energy to function effectively during a stressful situation.
Choice C Reason:
The correct answer is that SNS activation does not increase GI motility and movement. In fact, it has the opposite effect. During a “fight or flight” response, the body prioritizes functions that are critical for immediate survival, such as increased heart rate and blood flow to muscles. As a result, non-essential functions like digestion are slowed down. The SNS decreases GI motility and movement to divert energy and blood flow to more critical areas.
Choice D Reason:
SNS activation also leads to an increase in blood pressure. This is achieved by constricting blood vessels and increasing the force of heart contractions. The purpose of this response is to ensure that enough blood and oxygen are delivered to essential organs and muscles during a stressful situation.
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