A nurse is preparing to titrate morphine 6 mg via IV bolus to a client. The amount available is morphine 8 mg/mL. How many mL should the nurse administer per dose?

(Round the answer to the nearest hundredth. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.)

Increasing fluid intake helps to hydrate the mucous membranes and thin the respiratory secretions, which facilitates expectoration and improves gas exchange.

1. Encourage coughing and deep breathing. This is beneficial for clearing the airways and preventing atelectasis, but it does not directly affect the viscosity of the secretions.
2. Encourage regular use of the incentive spirometer. This is helpful for expanding the lungs and preventing complications such as pneumonia or pleural effusion, but it does not influence the consistency of the secretions.
3. Encourage the client to ambulate frequently. This is important for promoting circulation and mobility, but it does not have a significant effect on the thinning of the secretions.

Intercostal retractions, or the inward movement of the chest wall between the ribs, are a sign of respiratory distress and hypoxia. They indicate increased work of breathing and reduced lung expansion, which are common in clients who have postoperative atelectasis. Atelectasis is a collapse of alveoli in a part of the lung, which impairs gas exchange and oxygenation.

a) Lethargy, or a state of reduced mental alertness and energy, is not a typical manifestation of hypoxia. It can be caused by other factors, such as pain, medication, infection, or electrolyte imbalance. Hypoxia usually causes restlessness, anxiety, or confusion.
b) Bradycardia, or a slow heart rate, is not a typical manifestation of hypoxia. It can be caused by other factors, such as medication, vagal stimulation, or heart block. Hypoxia usually causes tachycardia, or a fast heart rate, as the body tries to compensate for the low oxygen level.
d) Bradypnea, or a slow respiratory rate, is not a typical manifestation of hypoxia. It can be caused by other factors, such as medication, brain injury, or metabolic alkalosis. Hypoxia usually causes tachypnea, or a fast respiratory rate, as the body tries to increase oxygen intake and carbon dioxide elimination.