A nurse is instructing a client who is starting COCs for the first time.
The nurse should tell the client that if she misses one pill, she should ?
Take the missed pill as soon as possible and continue with the next pill at the usual time
Take two pills at once and skip the next pill
Discard the missed pill and take the next pill at the usual time
Stop taking the pills for the rest of the cycle and use a backup method of contraception
The Correct Answer is A
The correct answer is choice A. The nurse should tell the client that if she misses one pill, she should take the missed pill as soon as possible and continue with the next pill at the usual time. This will ensure that she maintains a continuous hormonal exposure and does not extend the hormone-free interval beyond 7 days. She does not need to use extra contraception.
Choice B is wrong because taking two pills at once and skipping the next pill will disrupt the hormonal balance and may cause side effects such as nausea or breakthrough bleeding. Choice C is wrong because discarding the missed pill and taking the next pill at the usual time will shorten the duration of hormonal exposure and increase the risk of ovulation. Choice D is wrong because stopping taking the pills for the rest of the cycle and using a backup method of contraception will expose the client to an unnecessary hormone-free interval and may compromise her contraceptive efficacy.
COCs are combined oral contraceptives that contain synthetic estrogen and progestin hormones that prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration. The normal range of COCs dosage is 20 to 35 micrograms of estrogen and 0.1 to 3 milligrams of progestin per pill.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
All of the above.
This is because IUDs have multiple mechanisms of action that prevent fertilization and implantation of the ovum.According to the search results, some of these mechanisms are:
- IUDs immobilize sperm and interfere with their migration from the vagina to the fallopian tubes.This is because copper ions released from copper IUDs are toxic for spermatozoa and impair their motility and viability.Hormonal IUDs also thicken the cervical mucus, which blocks sperm from entering the uterus.
- IUDs speed up the transport of the ovum through the fallopian tube.This is because IUDs induce a local inflammatory reaction in the endometrium, which affects the signaling between the uterus and the ovary and alters the tubal motility.This reduces the chances of fertilization by shortening the time window for sperm-egg interaction.
- IUDs inhibit fertilization and cause lysis of the blastocyst.This is because IUDs affect the function or viability of gametes, decreasing the rate of fertilization and lowering the chances of survival of any embryo that may be formed.IUDs also interfere with implantation of the fertilized ovum by creating a hostile environment in the uterine cavity.
Choice A is wrong because it only describes one mechanism of action of IUDs, not all of them.
Choice B is wrong because it only describes another mechanism of action of IUDs, not all of them.
Choice C is wrong because it only describes yet another mechanism of action of IUDs, not all of them.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
The correct answer is choice B. It creates a local inflammatory response that impairs implantation.This means that the IUD makes the lining of the uterus less suitable for a fertilized egg to attach to it.
Choice A is wrong because it describes how hormonal IUDs work, not copper IUDs.Hormonal IUDs release hormones that thicken cervical mucus and prevent ovulation.
Choice C is wrong because it describes how tubal ligation works, not IUDs.Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure that blocks or cuts the fallopian tubes, which prevents sperm from reaching an egg.
Choice D is wrong because it implies that all of the above choices are correct, which they are not.
Only choice B is correct for copper IUDs.
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