A nurse is educating a client about a recent diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the client education?

Pancreatic cancers are classified as either endocrine pancreatic cancer or exocrine pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer typically develops from a polyp

The pancreas location increases the risk that cancer will spread into nearby structures and blood vessels

Pancreatic Cancer is distinguished based on the layers of the pancreas.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. The subdivision of pancreatic tumors into endocrine versus exocrine reflects their cell of origin (islet cells versus ductal cells) rather than conveying information about how the cancer behaves in situ or its propensity for local invasion and metastasis

B. Unlike some other cancers (e.g., colorectal cancer), pancreatic cancer does not typically develop from polyps. Most cases of pancreatic cancer develop from the pancreatic ductal cells (the cells lining the ducts of the pancreas), and the disease is typically aggressive and diagnosed at a later stage.

C. Because the pancreas lies deep in the retroperitoneum directly adjacent to major vessels like the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein, tumors often extend into these structures early, contributing to the high rate of advanced disease at diagnosis

D. Pancreatic cancer is not distinguished based on layers. Instead, it is generally categorized based on the type of cells it affects (e.g., ductal cells in exocrine pancreatic cancer). The staging of pancreatic cancer is based on factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis, rather than the layers of the pancreas.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Diarrhea is not a typical symptom of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease can cause constipation due to decreased gastrointestinal motility.
B. Hypertension is not a hallmark feature of Parkinson’s disease. In fact, patients may experience orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure when standing) due to autonomic dysfunction.
C. Muscle rigidity is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease. It refers to stiffness or inflexibility of muscles, which can cause difficulty with movement.
D. Facial pain is not a typical symptom of Parkinson’s disease. While people with PD may develop a reduced facial expression (mask-like face), it does not generally cause pain.

A. Assess site daily for redness, swelling or exudate at insertion site B. To maintain patency, the catheter should be flushed weekly using a 5 ml syringe C. Notify the primary care provider if swelling of the neck or arm is noted D. The primary care provider will monitor hemoglobin and hematocrit values weekly

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Assessing site daily for redness, swelling, or exudate at insertion site is crucial for detecting early signs of infection. A tunneled IV catheter, like a Hickman catheter, provides a direct route to the bloodstream, so infection at the insertion site can lead to serious complications such as sepsis. Regular monitoring is essential.
B. The catheter should be flushed regularly, but the standard protocol is usually to flush the catheter with saline or heparin more frequently (often every 7 days or after each use) and with a larger syringe (typically 10 mL) to prevent catheter damage. The frequency and method of flushing should be confirmed with institutional protocols and the healthcare provider.
C. Swelling in the neck or arm could indicate a complication like thrombosis or catheter occlusion, and it is important to notify the healthcare provider. However, this is not directly related to infection, so it's a more specific symptom rather than a broad teaching point about infection signs.
D. While the healthcare provider may monitor various lab values, the focus of teaching about infection would not be on hemoglobin and hematocrit. The main concern post-placement of a Hickman catheter is the risk of infection, not necessarily these specific lab values.

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A nurse is educating a client about a recent diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the client education?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse assessing the client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) would expect which of the following assessment findings?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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