A nurse is educating a client about a recent diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the client education?

Pancreatic cancers are classified as either endocrine pancreatic cancer or exocrine pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer typically develops from a polyp

The pancreas location increases the risk that cancer will spread into nearby structures and blood vessels

Pancreatic Cancer is distinguished based on the layers of the pancreas.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. The subdivision of pancreatic tumors into endocrine versus exocrine reflects their cell of origin (islet cells versus ductal cells) rather than conveying information about how the cancer behaves in situ or its propensity for local invasion and metastasis

B. Unlike some other cancers (e.g., colorectal cancer), pancreatic cancer does not typically develop from polyps. Most cases of pancreatic cancer develop from the pancreatic ductal cells (the cells lining the ducts of the pancreas), and the disease is typically aggressive and diagnosed at a later stage.

C. Because the pancreas lies deep in the retroperitoneum directly adjacent to major vessels like the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein, tumors often extend into these structures early, contributing to the high rate of advanced disease at diagnosis

D. Pancreatic cancer is not distinguished based on layers. Instead, it is generally categorized based on the type of cells it affects (e.g., ductal cells in exocrine pancreatic cancer). The staging of pancreatic cancer is based on factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis, rather than the layers of the pancreas.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. While age is a risk factor for colorectal cancer, the risk typically increases after age 50, not at 35. Most colorectal cancers are diagnosed in individuals over the age of 50, so age over 50 is a more significant risk factor.

B. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer, especially after long-term inflammation. The risk increases the longer someone has had ulcerative colitis, particularly if the disease affects a large portion of the colon.

C. A high fiber, low fat diet is actually protective against colorectal cancer. Diets rich in fiber and low in fat have been shown to reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer by promoting bowel regularity and reducing inflammation in the colon.

D. While having a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) with colorectal cancer is a significant risk factor, having a distant relative (e.g., cousin, aunt, uncle) with the disease does not carry the same increased risk. The genetic risk is more strongly associated with immediate family members.

A. Encourage rinsing mouth twice a day with a sodium bicarbonate solution B. Encourage client to perform mouth care before and after every meal C. Assess oral pain level once a shift D. Offer 3 meals per day with a snack at bedtime

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. While mouth rinses can be helpful for some oral conditions, sodium bicarbonate solutions may not be appropriate for all types of oral lesions, and there are other more effective mouth care strategies for managing painful lesions.
B. This is a key intervention for managing painful oral lesions. Regular mouth care helps to maintain oral hygiene, reduce the risk of infection, and decrease discomfort while eating. It also promotes healing and prevents further complications.
C. While assessing pain is important, doing it just once a shift may not be sufficient. The nurse should assess pain more frequently, especially before and after meals, as pain from oral lesions can significantly impact a client’s ability to eat.
D. Offering small, frequent meals is typically more effective in improving nutrition for clients with painful oral lesions. The client may be more willing to eat smaller amounts rather than large meals, especially if pain is a significant issue.

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A nurse is educating a client about a recent diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the client education?

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