A nurse is discussing gout with a client who is concerned about developing the disorder. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as risk factors for this disease? (Select all that apply)

Obesity

The client drinks several glasses of beer every night.

Use of a thiazide diuretic.

Depression.

Hypertension.

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,C,E

Choice A reason:
Obesity is a significant risk factor for gout. It can lead to increased production and decreased excretion of uric acid, which in turn can cause gout attacks. The normal body mass index (BMI) range is 18.5 to 24.9, and a BMI of 30 or above is considered obese.

Choice B reason:
Regular consumption of beer can increase the risk of gout. Beer is high in purines, which the body breaks down into uric acid, and alcohol can reduce the excretion of uric acid by the kidneys. Moderation in alcohol consumption is advised, with the recommendation being up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men.

Choice C reason:
Thiazide diuretics are associated with an increased risk of gout. They can decrease the kidney's ability to remove uric acid from the body, leading to its accumulation. When prescribing thiazide diuretics, healthcare providers often monitor uric acid levels and consider alternative medications if the patient has a history of gout.

Choice D reason:
Depression is not directly identified as a risk factor for developing gout. However, some lifestyle factors associated with depression, such as poor diet and inactivity, could indirectly increase the risk.

Choice E reason:
Hypertension is a known risk factor for gout. High blood pressure can impair kidney function, which is responsible for excreting uric acid, thus leading to hyperuricemia and gout. The normal range for blood pressure is considered to be below 120/80 mmHg.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason:

While polyhydramnios can be associated with congenital anomalies or fetal distress, it is not a direct indication of these conditions. Polyhydramnios refers specifically to the excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid. Congenital anomalies may lead to polyhydramnios if they affect the fetus's ability to swallow and process amniotic fluid normally, but the presence of polyhydramnios alone does not confirm these conditions.

Choice B reason:

Elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the amniotic fluid can be indicative of neural tube defects or other fetal abnormalities, but they are not a defining characteristic of polyhydramnios. Normal AFP levels in amniotic fluid at 15 to 21 weeks' gestation range from 10 to 150 ng/ml. Polyhydramnios is diagnosed based on the volume of amniotic fluid, not the AFP levels.

Choice C reason:

Carrying more than one fetus can lead to an increased amount of amniotic fluid, potentially resulting in polyhydramnios. However, the diagnosis of polyhydramnios itself does not imply a multiple gestation pregnancy. It simply indicates that there is more amniotic fluid than usual.

Choice D reason:

Polyhydramnios is defined as an excessive amount of amniotic fluid. It is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) exceeds 24 cm or the single deepest pocket (SDP) measures more than 8 cm. This condition can occur due to various reasons, including fetal anomalies, maternal diabetes, and other medical conditions.

A. Smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. B. Family history, stress, hypertension, and age. C. Alcohol consumption, obesity, diabetes, stress, hyperlipidemia. D. Personality type, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

Smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia are all well-established risk factors for heart disease. Smoking damages the lining of the arteries, leading to a buildup of fatty material which narrows the artery. Hypertension can cause hardening and thickening of the arteries, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Obesity increases the likelihood of high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and diabetes, all of which are risk factors for heart disease. Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease significantly, as high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and the nerves that control the heart. Hyperlipidemia, particularly high levels of LDL cholesterol, can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart attack or stroke.

Choice B Reason:

Family history is a non-modifiable risk factor for heart disease, as genetics can play a role in an individual's likelihood of developing heart conditions. Stress can contribute to heart disease risk factors such as hypertension and is associated with other unhealthy behaviors. Hypertension and age are both significant risk factors; the risk of heart disease increases with age and with sustained high blood pressure.

Choice C Reason:

Alcohol consumption in excess can lead to high blood pressure, heart failure, or stroke. Obesity, diabetes, and stress are all risk factors as previously mentioned. Hyperlipidemia is also a modifiable risk factor that can be managed through diet, exercise, and medication.

Choice D Reason:

Personality type itself is not a direct risk factor for heart disease, but certain personality traits can lead to stress, which is a risk factor. Hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking are all direct risk factors for heart disease as they contribute to the development of cardiovascular conditions.

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A nurse is discussing gout with a client who is concerned about developing the disorder. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as risk factors for this disease? (Select all that apply)

Nursing Test Bank

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