A nurse is collecting data from a client who has emphysema. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)

A. 1 day after injection with a 10-mm area of redness and swelling:

This may suggest a positive reading, but induration size is the primary criterion for interpretation, not just redness and swelling.

B. 2 days after injection with a 5-mm area of redness and swelling:

Similar to option A, a 5-mm area of redness and swelling alone does not definitively indicate a positive TB skin test. Again, without information on the size of the induration, we cannot determine if this reading is positive.

C. 4 days after injection with a 3-mm area of redness and swelling:

Once more, a 3-mm area of redness and swelling alone does not definitively indicate a positive TB skin test. As with the previous options, the size of the induration is the critical factor for interpretation.

D. 5 days after injection with a 2-mm area of redness and swelling:

As with the other options, a 2-mm area of redness and swelling alone does not definitively indicate a positive TB skin test. The presence and size of induration are essential for accurate interpretation.

A. Offer small frequent meals

Offering small, frequent meals is beneficial for patients with COPD because it helps overcome the challenges associated with dyspnea and fatigue. Large meals can cause discomfort and increase the effort required for breathing, which can exacerbate respiratory symptoms. By providing smaller, more manageable portions of food throughout the day, patients with COPD can maintain their energy levels and meet their nutritional needs without experiencing excessive respiratory distress.

B. Encourage extra liquids with meals

Encouraging extra liquids with meals can help prevent dehydration and thin respiratory secretions, making it easier for patients with COPD to manage their respiratory symptoms. However, excessive fluid intake can also lead to feelings of fullness and discomfort, especially in patients with compromised lung function. Therefore, while it's important to encourage adequate hydration, particularly during meals, it's also essential to balance fluid intake to avoid exacerbating respiratory symptoms.

C. Assist the patient to exercise before meals

While regular exercise is beneficial for overall health and can help improve respiratory function in patients with COPD, exercising immediately before meals may not be practical or advisable for all patients. Patients with COPD may experience fatigue and dyspnea during physical activity, which can affect their ability to eat and digest food effectively. Additionally, exercising before meals may increase energy expenditure and exacerbate respiratory symptoms, making it more challenging for patients to consume an adequate amount of nutrients. Instead, patients with COPD may benefit from engaging in light physical activity or respiratory exercises at a different time of day to improve their respiratory function and overall well-being.

D. Supply information about nutrition

Providing information about nutrition is essential for patients with COPD to help them make healthy dietary choices and manage their condition effectively. However, simply supplying information may not be sufficient to enhance the nutritional status of patients with COPD. It's important to offer practical guidance and support, such as meal planning tips, dietary modifications, and strategies for overcoming barriers to healthy eating. Additionally, individualized dietary counseling from a registered dietitian can be beneficial for patients with COPD to address specific nutritional needs and preferences.