A nurse is caring for an adolescent who is experiencing indications of depression. Which of the following findings are risk factors of depression? (Select all that apply.)

A) Maturational crisis:

This type of crisis arises from normal life transitions, such as entering a new stage of development (adolescence, midlife crisis, etc.). It involves a struggle to adapt to new roles and responsibilities. The client's situation does involve a life transition due to the death of his wife, but the sudden nature of the event and the resulting distress suggest a situational crisis.

B) Adventitious crisis:

Adventitious crises are caused by extraordinary events that are external to the individual's usual experience, such as natural disasters, accidents, or crimes. While the sudden death of the client's wife is an unexpected and tragic event, it's not an adventitious crisis because it involves personal loss rather than a large-scale or external event.

C) Developmental crisis:

Developmental crises are associated with specific stages of life and the challenges and changes that come with them. This crisis doesn't seem to fit the developmental category as it is more tied to the specific event of the wife's sudden death.

D) Situational crisis

Explanation:

A situational crisis is a type of crisis that arises from a specific event or situation that disrupts an individual's normal functioning and coping abilities. In this case, the sudden death of the client's wife is the triggering event that has led to his feeling paralyzed and overwhelmed in his ability to cope with work and family responsibilities. Situational crises are often unexpected and can lead to a temporary state of disorganization and distress.

A. "Tell me what is concerning you."

This response is the most therapeutic option. It invites the spouse to share their concerns and feelings, showing empathy and active listening. It opens the door for effective communication and understanding the spouse's perspective.

B. "Your husband is making really good progress."

While this response provides information about the husband's progress, it doesn't directly address the spouse's concerns or feelings. The spouse's emotional state needs to be acknowledged and explored before discussing the husband's progress.

C. "Did your husband say something to upset you?"

This response makes an assumption that the husband said something to upset the spouse. It might come across as accusatory or dismissive of the spouse's feelings. It's important to give the spouse the opportunity to express their emotions in their own words.

D. "Crying helps us let things out and we feel better."

This response offers a general statement about crying, but it doesn't directly address the spouse's concerns or invite further conversation. While it's true that crying can be cathartic, the focus here should be on understanding the spouse's specific worries.