A nurse is assisting with the care of a newborn 1 hr after birth.

Select the 5 findings that the nurse should report to the provider.

Choice A reason:

Preterm birth is a major risk factor for neonatal sepsis, especially early-onset sepsis. Preterm babies have immature immune systems and lack antibodies to protect them against certain bacteria.

Choice B reason:

Cesarean birth is not a risk factor for neonatal sepsis by itself, unless it is associated with other factors such as prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal infection or chorioamnionitis.

Choice C reason:

Precipitous delivery is a risk factor for neonatal sepsis, especially early-onset sepsis. Precipitous delivery can cause fetal distress, hypoxia, acidosis and increased susceptibility to infection.

Choice D reason:

Frequent vaginal exams are a risk factor for neonatal sepsis, especially early-onset sepsis. Frequent vaginal exams can introduce bacteria into the amniotic fluid and increase the risk of ascending infection.

Choice E reason:

Mother has GBS infection is a risk factor for neonatal sepsis, especially early-onset sepsis. GBS (group B streptococcus) is the most common cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis and can be transmitted from the mother to the baby during labor and delivery.

Choice A reason:

Injury sustained to the perineum during birth is not a perinatal injury, but a perineal injury. The perineum is the area between the anus and the genitals, and it can be torn or cut during vaginal delivery. This is a common complication that affects the mother, not the fetus or newborn.

Choice B reason:

Traumatic injury to the mother during pregnancy is not a perinatal injury, but a maternal injury. This can occur due to accidents, violence, or complications of pregnancy such as preeclampsia or placental abruption. This can affect the mother's health and well-being, and may also have consequences for the fetus or newborn.

Choice C reason:

Traumatic injury to a fetus is not a perinatal injury, but a fetal injury. This can occur due to external forces such as blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, or radiation exposure that affect the fetus in utero. This can cause fetal distress, bleeding, fractures, or organ damage.

Choice D reason:

Injury sustained surrounding birth is a perinatal injury. This occurs in the period shortly before, during, or after delivery. This can be a critical time when the baby has to transition from surviving off oxygen, blood, and nutrients from the mother to separating from the womb and breathing oxygen from the air. Perinatal injuries can include head injuries, nerve injuries, hemorrhages, fractures, or soft-tissue injuries that result from the forces of labor and delivery or medical interventions such as forceps or vacuum extraction. Perinatal injuries can lead to long-term neurodevelopmental challenges for the newborn.