A community health nurse is preparing an in-service for staff to define the conditions of causation in epidemiology studies. Which of the following descriptions should the nurse use to define a cessation of exposure to establish causation?
"When the exposure is decreased or eliminated, the risk of disease declines or is eliminated."
"The exposure must come before the disease develops.
"A relationship is biologically possible, and it makes sense."
"Increased exposure increases the risk of developing the disease."
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A: "When the Exposure is Decreased or Eliminated, the Risk of Disease Declines or is Eliminated."
This statement accurately describes the concept of cessation of exposure in establishing causation. According to the Bradford Hill criteria, if a factor is truly causal, reducing or eliminating exposure to that factor should lead to a decrease in the incidence of the disease. This principle helps to confirm the causal relationship between the exposure and the disease.
Choice B: "The Exposure Must Come Before the Disease Develops."
This statement refers to the temporal relationship criterion in the Bradford Hill criteria, which states that for an exposure to be considered causal, it must precede the onset of the disease. While this is an important aspect of establishing causation, it does not specifically address the concept of cessation of exposure.
Choice C: "A Relationship is Biologically Possible, and it Makes Sense."
This statement pertains to the biological plausibility criterion, which suggests that the observed association between an exposure and a disease should be consistent with existing biological and medical knowledge. While biological plausibility is crucial for establishing causation, it does not directly relate to the cessation of exposure.
Choice D: "Increased Exposure Increases the Risk of Developing the Disease."
This statement describes the dose-response relationship, another criterion in the Bradford Hill framework. It indicates that a greater level of exposure to a risk factor should correspond to a higher risk of developing the disease. Although this is an important aspect of causation, it does not specifically address the cessation of exposure.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
The statement that individuals who desire a quality education are required to purchase healthy lunches at school is not accurate. While healthy lunches can contribute to better health outcomes, they are not a requirement for obtaining a quality education. This choice does not directly address the broader relationship between education and health outcomes. Instead, it focuses on a specific aspect of school life that is not universally applicable or mandated.
Choice B Reason:
The idea that quality education includes coverage for some medical expenses is misleading. Education systems typically do not cover medical expenses; this is usually the role of healthcare systems or insurance providers. While schools may offer some health services, such as school nurses or health education, these do not equate to comprehensive medical expense coverage. This choice does not accurately reflect the role of education in health outcomes.
Choice C Reason:
Individuals who attain a quality education increase the likelihood of obtaining a job that pays a living wage. This statement is supported by extensive research showing that higher educational attainment is associated with better employment opportunities and higher income levels. A living wage allows individuals to afford better healthcare, housing, and nutrition, all of which contribute to improved health outcomes. This choice directly links education to economic stability and health benefits, making it the most accurate and relevant statement.
Choice D Reason:
With a quality education, clients have increased access to virtual visits with primary care physicians. While education can improve health literacy and the ability to navigate healthcare systems, access to virtual visits is more directly influenced by factors such as technology availability, internet access, and healthcare policies. This statement oversimplifies the relationship between education and healthcare access, making it less accurate than the other choices.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
The number of condoms distributed is an important metric for understanding the reach and utilization of the program. However, it does not directly measure the program's effectiveness in achieving its primary goal, which is to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). While distribution numbers can indicate program activity, they do not provide information on health outcomes.
Choice B Reason:
Decrease in the incidence of sexually transmitted infections is the most relevant metric for evaluating the effectiveness of a condom distribution program. The primary objective of such programs is to reduce the transmission of STIs among the target population. By measuring the incidence of STIs before and after the implementation of the program, the nurse can assess whether the program has successfully achieved its goal of improving sexual health outcomes.
Choice C Reason:
The number of students who engage in sex is not a suitable metric for evaluating the effectiveness of a condom distribution program. The program aims to promote safe sex practices rather than influence the number of sexual encounters. Tracking sexual activity does not provide meaningful data on the program's impact on STI prevention.
Choice D Reason:
The location of the community college campus is not relevant to the evaluation of the condom distribution program's effectiveness. While the location might be important for logistical planning and accessibility, it does not provide any information on the program's success in reducing STIs or promoting safe sex practices.
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