A client reports experiencing blurry central vision that has recently worsened. Which pathological process supports the client's subjective report?

Blockage of retinal capillaries causing ischemic damage of the central macular area.

Opaque spoke-like lines developing in the periphery of the lens to the center.

Tears in the retina that detach from the lining of the posterior eyeball.

An increase in intraocular pressure with loss of peripheral vision.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A) Blockage of retinal capillaries causing ischemic damage of the central macular area:

Correct. Blurry central vision that worsens over time can be indicative of macular ischemia, often caused by blockage of retinal capillaries leading to ischemic damage of the central macular area. This condition can occur in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion.

B) Opaque spoke-like lines developing in the periphery of the lens to the center:

This description is more characteristic of cataracts, which cause visual disturbances such as glare or halos around lights rather than blurry central vision.

C) Tears in the retina that detach from the lining of the posterior eyeball:

Retinal tears and subsequent detachment can cause visual disturbances, but they typically present as sudden onset of floaters, flashes of light, and a curtain-like shadow over the visual field rather than blurry central vision.

D) An increase in intraocular pressure with loss of peripheral vision:

This description is indicative of glaucoma, which can lead to loss of peripheral vision (visual field defects) rather than blurry central vision. Glaucoma-related visual field loss usually begins peripherally and progresses inward, affecting central vision in later stages.

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Free Nursing Study Resources

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Intermittent claudication is a common symptom experienced by individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD). It occurs due to the underlying pathophysiology of arterial occlusion and ischemia during physical activity. Here's why option C is the correct choice:

A) Reduced blood flow occurs when legs are elevated:

This statement is not accurate regarding the pathophysiology of intermittent claudication in PAD. When legs are elevated, gravity assists venous return, which may actually improve blood flow temporarily. However, intermittent claudication occurs during activity, not when the legs are elevated.

B) Reddened color occurs when the feet are dependent:

This statement is unrelated to the pathophysiology of intermittent claudication. Redness when the feet are dependent may suggest venous insufficiency rather than arterial occlusion characteristic of PAD.

C) Arterial occlusion causes ischemic pain during activity:

Correct. Intermittent claudication is caused by inadequate blood flow to the muscles during physical activity due to arterial occlusion in PAD. As the demand for oxygen increases during exercise, the narrowed arteries cannot supply sufficient blood flow, leading to ischemic pain in the affected muscles. This pain typically resolves with rest and recurs upon resuming activity.

D) Reduction in blood supply leads to muscle atrophy:

Muscle atrophy may occur in severe cases of PAD with chronic ischemia, but it is not the primary cause of intermittent claudication. Intermittent claudication is primarily attributed to inadequate blood flow during activity, which results in ischemic pain rather than muscle atrophy.

A. Small, skin-colored, pedunculated papules in areas of skin folds and on other areas as skin tags B. Hyperpigmented areas that vary in form and color and are slightly elevated from the skin. C. Hyperactive sebaceous areas forming comedones, papules, pustules on the face, neck, and upper back. D. Sharply demarcated silvery scaling plaques with underlying redness on the elbows and knees.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A) Small, skin-colored, pedunculated papules in areas of skin folds and on other areas as skin tags:

This description is more characteristic of acrochordons (skin tags), which are benign skin growths often found in skin folds. Skin tags are typically not associated with acne vulgaris.

B) Hyperpigmented areas that vary in form and color and are slightly elevated from the skin:

This description may be indicative of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which can occur after resolution of acne lesions. However, it does not represent the primary pathological findings observed in acne vulgaris.

C) Hyperactive sebaceous areas forming comedones, papules, pustules on the face, neck, and upper back:

Correct. Acne vulgaris is characterized by hyperactive sebaceous glands, leading to the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, and pustules. These lesions commonly occur on the face, neck, and upper back due to the high density of sebaceous glands in these areas.

D) Sharply demarcated silvery scaling plaques with underlying redness on the elbows and knees:

This description is more indicative of psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by silvery scaling plaques and inflammation. Psoriasis typically affects extensor surfaces such as the elbows and knees, rather than the areas commonly affected by acne vulgaris.

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A client reports experiencing blurry central vision that has recently worsened. Which pathological process supports the client's subjective report?

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is C

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