A 5-year-old patient is brought into the Emergency Room and is diagnosed with an Acute Kidney injury (AKI). Which findings indicate this diagnosis?

Peripheral Edema

Blood pressure of 112/70

Potassium level of 4.7 (normal: 3.5-5.0 mmol/L)

Diarrhea

Oliguria

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,E

The findings that indicate a diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in a 5-year-old patient are:

A. Peripheral Edema: Peripheral edema, or swelling in the extremities, can be a sign of fluid retention due to impaired kidney function in AKI.

E. Oliguria: Oliguria, which is a decreased urine output, is a common sign of AKI. It can be defined as a urine output of less than 0.5 mL/kg/hour in children.

The other findings mentioned (B, C, and D) do not specifically indicate a diagnosis of AKI:

B. Blood pressure of 112/70: The blood pressure within this range is not necessarily indicative of AKI on its own.

C. Potassium level of 4.7 (normal: 3.5-5.0 mmol/L): While abnormal potassium levels can be associated with AKI, a potassium level of 4.7 mmol/L is within the normal range.

D. Diarrhea: Diarrhea is not typically a direct symptom of AKI but may be seen in various other conditions or as a result of electrolyte imbalances associated with kidney dysfunction.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

When obtaining the history of a child with suspected rheumatic fever, the nurse should consider the following information to be most significant:

B. A recent episode of pharyngitis.

Explanation:

Rheumatic fever often follows an untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) infection caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Therefore, a recent episode of pharyngitis is a key piece of information in the context of rheumatic fever. It is important to assess whether the child had a sore throat, fever, and other symptoms of streptococcal infection that may have triggered the development of rheumatic fever.

While the other symptoms (vomiting, lack of interest in food, fever) may be important for the overall assessment and management of the child, they are not as directly associated with the development of rheumatic fever as a recent episode of pharyngitis caused by Group A Streptococcus. Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune response to untreated streptococcal infection, and its diagnosis is often linked to the presence of preceding streptococcal pharyngitis.

A. Protein level B. Creatinine C. Osmolality D. pH

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Creatinine is a waste product generated by muscle metabolism and excreted by the kidneys. It is commonly used as a marker of renal function because it is filtered by the glomeruli and almost entirely excreted in the urine. When there is a reduction in GFR, as in acute renal failure, creatinine levels in the blood tend to rise. Elevated serum creatinine levels are indicative of impaired kidney function and a decreased GFR.

The other options are not direct indicators of GFR:

A. Protein level: While proteinuria (elevated protein levels in urine) can be a sign of kidney dysfunction, it is not a direct measurement of GFR. Proteinuria can occur for various reasons, including glomerular damage, but it doesn't provide a precise assessment of GFR.

C. Osmolality: Urine osmolality reflects the concentration of solutes in urine but is not a direct measure of GFR. It can provide information about the concentrating ability of the kidneys, but it doesn't assess the overall filtration rate.

D. pH: Urine pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine and is not a direct indicator of GFR. It can be influenced by factors such as diet and renal tubular function but does not directly measure the filtration rate of the glomeruli.

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A 5-year-old patient is brought into the Emergency Room and is diagnosed with an Acute Kidney injury (AKI). Which findings indicate this diagnosis?

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