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Pathophysiology

- Glomerulonephritis is caused by an immunologic mechanism that triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular tissue.

- This can result in damage to the glomerular basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium.

- The damage can impair the filtration function of the glomeruli, leading to hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine), azotemia (increased waste products in blood), hypertension (high blood pressure), and edema (swelling).

- The inflammation can also activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which further increases blood pressure and fluid retention.

- The type and location of the immune complex deposition determine the different types of glomerulonephritis, such as:

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
membranous nephropathy
rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
lupus nephritis

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Questions on Pathophysiology

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Incorrect. The renal medulla is not the primary site of glomerulonephritis; it is deeper within the kidney and not directly involved in this condition.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Incorrect. Dysuria refers to painful urination and is not typically associated with dark, cola-colored urine.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Incorrect. Familial history may be a risk factor for some kidney diseases, but it is not a direct cause of PSGN.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Incorrect. While the kidneys play a role in blood pressure regulation, this function involves other structures in addition to the glomeruli.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Correct. Renal artery stenosis, a narrowing of the renal artery supplying the kidney, is a common complication of glomerulonephritis and can lead to hypertension and heart failure.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Incorrect. Excessive reabsorption of sodium is not a primary factor in the development of glomerulonephritis.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Incorrect. Tolerance induction is a process by which the immune system recognizes self-antigens and does not directly relate to the development of glomerulonephritis.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Correct. PSGN is most commonly associated with streptococcal infections, particularly group A streptococci.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Incorrect. Acute pyelonephritis is a different kidney condition caused by a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and is not characterized by crescent-shaped structures in the glomeruli.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Incorrect. Fiber is an important dietary component for overall health but is not specifically related to reducing proteinuria or managing blood pressure in glomerulonephritis.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Incorrect. While a familial history of kidney disease may be a risk factor for some kidney conditions, it is not a primary risk factor for PSGN.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Incorrect. High dietary intake of calcium is not a common predisposing factor for APSGN.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Incorrect. Osteoarthritis is unrelated to RPGN.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Incorrect. Adequate fluid intake is generally recommended for kidney health and does not increase the risk of chronic glomerulonephritis.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Incorrect. Elevated blood cholesterol levels may have cardiovascular implications but are not typically a predisposing factor for membranous glomerulonephritis.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Correct. Periorbital edema (swelling around the eyes) and edema in the lower extremities are often early indicators of glomerulonephritis due to fluid retention.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Incorrect. Hypercalcemia (high blood calcium levels) is not a common cause of hypertension in glomerulonephritis.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Incorrect. Proteinuria refers to the presence of excess protein in the urine and is not specifically related to the color of urine in glomerulonephritis.

Incorrect. Excessive fluid intake is not a likely cause of fatigue, weakness, and pallor in glomerulonephritis.

Incorrect. Edema refers to swelling due to fluid retention and is not related to decreased urine output.

Incorrect. Hyponatremia is an electrolyte imbalance and is not a direct indicator of hematuria in glomerulonephritis.

Incorrect. PET scans are not typically used for kidney imaging in the context of glomerulonephritis.

Correct. Kidney biopsies are essential for diagnosing glomerulonephritis because they help identify the specific type of glomerulonephritis, its cause, and the extent of renal damage.

Correct. Proteinuria, the presence of excessive protein in the urine, is a common abnormality associated with glomerulonephritis.

Incorrect. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation and is not typically used to assess kidney function or GFR in glomerulonephritis.

Correct. A low-sodium diet helps manage hypertension and reduces edema, which are common complications of glomerulonephritis.

Incorrect. Antacids are used to relieve symptoms of gastrointestinal conditions and do not play a primary role in managing blood pressure in glomerulonephritis.

Incorrect. Avoiding protein-rich foods is not a non-pharmacological intervention for reducing edema in glomerulonephritis.

Incorrect. While ACE inhibitors can affect aldosterone levels, their primary role in glomerulonephritis is to reduce proteinuria and manage blood pressure.

Incorrect. Monthly dental check-ups are important for oral health but are not specifically related to glomerulonephritis follow-up care.

Correct. A low-sodium diet helps manage hypertension and reduces edema, common complications of glomerulonephritis.

Correct. ACE inhibitors are commonly prescribed in glomerulonephritis to reduce proteinuria and manage hypertension, helping to protect kidney function.

Incorrect. Limiting fluid intake should be individualized and is not a universal measure to prevent recurrent episodes of glomerulonephritis.

Incorrect. Avoiding all movement is not necessary and may not effectively reduce fluid accumulation in edematous areas.

Correct. The primary goal of follow-up visits for glomerulonephritis is to monitor kidney function, blood pressure, and overall health to ensure the client's well-being and the effectiveness of treatment.

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Pathophysiology

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is explaining glomerulonephritis to a client. What is the primary site in the kidneys where glomerulonephritis occurs? A Renal tubules B Renal pelvis C Glomeruli D Renal medulla Click to see answer

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A client with glomerulonephritis complains of dark, cola-colored urine. Which term is commonly used to describe this symptom in glomerulonephritis? A Hematuria B Proteinuria C Oliguria D Dysuria Click to see answer

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse is discussing the possible causes of glomerulonephritis with a client. Which factor is often linked to poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)? A Hypertension B Recent respiratory infection C Diabetes mellitus D Familial history Click to see answer

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A client is diagnosed with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). Which type of infection is most commonly associated with the development of PSGN? A Viral respiratory infections B Bacterial skin infections C Staphylococcal infections D Streptococcal infections Click to see answer

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is educating a client with glomerulonephritis about dietary restrictions. Which dietary component should the nurse recommend limiting to reduce proteinuria and manage blood pressure? A Carbohydrates B Sodium (salt) C Healthy fats D Fiber Click to see answer

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is educating a client about the risk factors for glomerulonephritis. Which lifestyle factor is often associated with an increased risk of chronic glomerulonephritis? A Regular exercise B Smoking tobacco C Vegetarian diet D Adequate fluid intake Click to see answer

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is assessing a client with suspected glomerulonephritis. Which symptom is often an early indicator of this condition and is characterized by swelling around the eyes and in the lower extremities? A Hematuria B Proteinuria C Oliguria D Periorbital edema Click to see answer

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse is assessing a client with glomerulonephritis and notes the presence of "cola-colored" urine. Which term accurately describes this symptom? A Hematuria B Dysuria C Oliguria D Proteinuria Click to see answer

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A client with glomerulonephritis complains of fatigue, weakness, and pallor. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms? A Electrolyte imbalances B Anemia C Hyperglycemia D Excessive fluid intake Click to see answer

A nurse is caring for a client with glomerulonephritis who reports a decreased urine output. Which medical term should the nurse use to describe this symptom? A Hematuria B Proteinuria C Oliguria D Edema Click to see answer

A client with suspected glomerulonephritis undergoes a urinalysis. What abnormality in the urine is commonly associated with glomerulonephritis and is characterized by the presence of excessive protein? A Hematuria B Pyuria C Oliguria D Proteinuria Click to see answer

A client with glomerulonephritis is experiencing hypertension. Which medication class is commonly prescribed to control blood pressure in clients with this condition? A Anticoagulants B Diuretics C Antibiotics D Antacids Click to see answer

A nurse is caring for a client with glomerulonephritis who is experiencing edema. What non-pharmacological intervention should the nurse recommend to help reduce edema? A Limiting fluid intake B Elevating the legs C Increasing sodium intake D Avoiding protein-rich foods Click to see answer

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