Which term describes a fracture where the bone penetrates the skin and is exposed to the external environment?

A spiral fracture occurs due to twisting or rotational forces on the bone, resulting in a twisting break along the bone's length.

a. Greenstick fracture: A greenstick fracture involves the bone bending and partially breaking, usually seen in children. It is not caused by twisting forces.
b. Transverse fracture: A transverse fracture occurs when the bone breaks straight across its long axis, not due to twisting.
d. Comminuted fracture: In a comminuted fracture, the bone breaks into multiple pieces, which is not associated with twisting forces.

Stress fractures are small, hairline cracks in the bone that occur due to repetitive stress or overuse. They typically present with a gradual onset of localized pain that worsens with activity.

a. Severe pain and visible deformity: Severe pain and visible deformity are more commonly seen in acute fractures resulting from trauma or high-impact injuries, not stress fractures.
b. Sudden onset of swelling and bruising: Sudden onset of swelling and bruising is more indicative of acute fractures, not stress fractures.
d. Inability to bear weight on the affected limb: Inability to bear weight may be present in some fractures, but it is not a specific characteristic of stress fractures.