Which signs would suggest to a nurse that a patient is undergoing a stress response? (Choose all that apply)

Choice A rationale:

Alopecia (hair loss) and diaphoresis (excessive sweating) can be side effects of certain medications, but they are not typically associated with allergic reactions.

Alopecia is often a delayed side effect of medications, meaning it can take weeks or months to develop after starting a medication. It is usually caused by the medication interfering with the normal hair growth cycle.

Diaphoresis can be a side effect of medications that affect the nervous system, such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications. It can also be a side effect of medications that cause fever, such as antibiotics.

Choice B rationale:

Heartburn and flatulence are common side effects of many medications, especially those that affect the digestive system.

Heartburn is a burning sensation in the chest that is caused by stomach acid refluxing back up into the esophagus. It is often triggered by eating certain foods, lying down after eating, or taking certain medications.

Flatulence is the release of gas from the intestines. It is often caused by eating foods that are difficult to digest, such as beans and cabbage. It can also be a side effect of medications that slow down the digestive system.

Choice C rationale:

Nausea and constipation are also common side effects of many medications.

Nausea is a feeling of sickness or unease in the stomach that can lead to vomiting. It is often caused by medications that irritate the stomach lining or that stimulate the vomiting center in the brain.

Constipation is a condition in which bowel movements are infrequent or difficult to pass. It is often caused by medications that slow down the movement of food through the intestines.

Choice D rationale:

Itchy rash and difficulty breathing are classic symptoms of an allergic reaction.

An allergic reaction occurs when the body's immune system overreacts to a substance that it perceives as a threat. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including itchy rash, difficulty breathing, swelling, hives, and anaphylaxis.

Itchy rash is a common symptom of allergic reactions to medications. It is often caused by the release of histamine, a chemical that is involved in the body's inflammatory response.

Difficulty breathing is a serious symptom of an allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. It is often caused by swelling of the airways, which can restrict airflow.

The correct answer is E(None of the Above)

Rationale for E:

The options A, B, C, and D all describe actions or physiological measurements that do not directly indicate an allergic reaction.

Allergic reactions involve the immune system's response to a specific substance, whereas side effects are unintended reactions to a medication that are not caused by an immune response.

Key differences between allergic reactions and side effects:

Allergic reactions:

Typically occur rapidly after exposure to the allergen.

Can involve various body systems, including the skin (hives, itching, rash), respiratory system (wheezing, difficulty breathing, throat tightness), gastrointestinal system (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), and cardiovascular system (low blood pressure, shock).

May be life-threatening in severe cases, such as anaphylaxis. Side effects:

Can occur at any time during medication use.

Usually more predictable and less severe than allergic reactions.

Often subside as the body adjusts to the medication or with dose adjustments. Important considerations for nurses:

Carefully assess patients for potential allergies before administering medications.

Monitor patients closely for any signs of allergic reactions or side effects after medication administration.

Promptly intervene if an allergic reaction is suspected, following established protocols and administering emergency medications as needed.

Document all observations and actions related to medication administration and patient responses.