Which pathophysiologic change is found in the brain tissue of people who have Alzheimer's disease?

Decreased dopamine

Increased glial cells

Increased glutamate

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A.   Dopamine is primarily associated with other neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, not Alzheimer's disease. In Alzheimer's disease, the focus is on changes related to beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles rather than alterations in dopamine levels.
B.   Glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, play a role in the brain's immune response and support of neurons. In Alzheimer's disease, there is evidence of increased activation and proliferation of glial cells in response to neuroinflammation and the presence of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This reactive gliosis is a secondary response to the underlying pathology.
C.   Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in various brain functions, including memory and learning. In Alzheimer's disease, there is evidence of dysregulation in glutamate metabolism and

signaling pathways. This dysregulation can lead to excitotoxicity, which contributes to neuronal damage and cell death seen in the disease.
D.   Neurofibrillary tangles are one of the hallmark pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. These tangles are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that accumulate inside neurons, disrupting their normal functioning and eventually leading to cell death. Neurofibrillary tangles, along with beta- amyloid plaques, contribute to the progressive cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer's disease.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. This option describes a phenomenon seen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), not in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In HIT, antibodies against the PF4-heparin complex can cause platelet activation and aggregation, leading to thrombocytopenia. However, this is not characteristic of ITP.
B. Abnormally long von Willebrand factor is seen in von Willebrand disease (VWD), not in ITP. VWD is a bleeding disorder caused by deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor, which plays a key role in platelet adhesion and aggregation. It is not typically associated with ITP.

C. ADAMTS13 deficiency is characteristic of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), not ITP. TTP is a rare blood disorder where small blood clots form in blood vessels throughout the body, leading to thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and other complications. It is distinct from ITP.
D. In immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, leading to a low platelet count. Antibodies, particularly anti-platelet antibodies such as anti-GP IIb/IIIa or anti-GP Ib/IX, coat the surface of platelets. These antibody-coated platelets are recognized and destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver, contributing to thrombocytopenia.

A. Whole milk B. Black tea C. Bacon D. Scrambled eggs with cheese

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Whole milk contains saturated fats, which can contribute to overall cardiovascular health risks. However, it's not directly linked to causing PACs. While reducing saturated fat intake is generally beneficial for heart health, whole milk alone might not significantly exacerbate PACs compared to other dietary factors.

B. Black tea contains caffeine, which is a stimulant that can potentially increase heart rate and trigger PACs or other irregular heart rhythms in sensitive individuals. Therefore, black tea is a consideration for clients with PACs as it can be a potential trigger.
C. Bacon is high in saturated fat and sodium, which can contribute to cardiovascular risks and overall heart health concerns. High-fat foods like bacon can indirectly influence heart rhythms, but there's not a direct correlation between consuming bacon and PACs.
D. Eggs and cheese are high in saturated fats and cholesterol, which can impact cardiovascular health. While not directly linked to causing PACs, the high-fat content of scrambled eggs with cheese may contribute to overall heart health concerns.

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Which pathophysiologic change is found in the brain tissue of people who have Alzheimer's disease?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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