Which of the following statements about drug distribution is true?

Intravenous administration bypasses first-pass metabolism because drugs are injected directly into the bloodstream, avoiding metabolism in the liver before entering the systemic circulation.

a. Oral administration does not bypass first-pass metabolism because drugs must first pass through the liver before entering the systemic circulation.

c. Sublingual administration partially bypasses first-pass metabolism because some of the drugs is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the mucous membranes under the tongue, but some may still be swallowed and subject to first-pass metabolism.

d. Rectal administration partially bypasses first-pass metabolism because some of the drugs is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the rectal mucosa, but some may still be subject to first-pass metabolism.

Drugs can cross cell membranes by passive diffusion or active transport to reach their site of action within cells or tissues. Passive diffusion occurs when drugs move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, while active transport requires energy and a carrier protein to move drugs against a concentration gradient.

a. This statement is false because drugs are not distributed evenly throughout the body, but rather are distributed according to factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, and protein binding.

c. This statement is false because while organs with high blood flow such as the liver and kidneys receive a large proportion of a drug dose, drugs can also be distributed to other organs and tissues.

d. This statement is false because some drugs can cross