Which of the following factors can have a positive influence on an individual's self-concept?

Choice A reason: This is not the most critical stage for developing a healthy self-concept. Infancy is the stage of life from birth to 18 months, where the main psychosocial task is to develop trust versus mistrust. The infant's self-concept is not fully formed yet, but depends on the quality of the caregiver-infant relationship.

Choice B reason: This is the best answer. Adolescence is the stage of life from 12 to 18 years, where the main psychosocial task is to develop identity versus role confusion. The adolescent's self-concept is challenged by physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes. The adolescent needs to explore and integrate different aspects of their self, such as their values, beliefs, goals, and roles. A healthy self-concept will help the adolescent to achieve a sense of identity, autonomy, and competence.

Choice C reason: This is not the most critical stage for developing a healthy self-concept. Middle adulthood is the stage of life from 40 to 65 years, where the main psychosocial task is to develop generativity versus stagnation. The middle adult's self-concept is influenced by their achievements, responsibilities, and relationships. The middle adult needs to find meaning and purpose in their life by contributing to society and the next generation. A healthy self-concept will help the middle adult to cope with the challenges of aging, work, and family.

Choice D reason: This is not the most critical stage for developing a healthy self-concept. Late adulthood is the stage of life from 65 years and older, where the main psychosocial task is to develop integrity versus despair. The late adult's self-concept is based on their life review and evaluation. The late adult needs to accept their past and present, and face their mortality. A healthy self-concept will help the late adult to achieve a sense of wisdom, dignity, and satisfaction.

Choice A reason: This is a harmful action that will not strengthen the client's self-concept. A sedentary lifestyle may lead to physical and mental health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, depression, and low self-esteem. The nurse should encourage the client to adopt a healthy lifestyle that includes physical activity, nutrition, and rest.

Choice B reason: This is an ineffective action that will not strengthen the client's self-concept. Closed-ended questions and statements are those that can be answered with a yes or no, or a short response. They do not allow the client to express their thoughts, feelings, and opinions. The nurse should use open-ended questions and statements that invite the client to elaborate and share their perspective.

Choice C reason: This is the best answer. Effective coping skills are those that help the client to manage stress, emotions, and challenges in a positive and adaptive way. They include relaxation techniques, problem-solving strategies, social support, and positive self-talk. The nurse should encourage the client to use these skills to enhance their self-concept and well-being.

Choice D reason: This is a counterproductive action that will not strengthen the client's self-concept. Avoiding discussing the client's fears or anxieties may make them feel isolated, misunderstood, or ashamed. The nurse should create a safe and supportive environment where the client can openly discuss their concerns and receive empathy and guidance.