Which complication of diabetes mellitus is characterized by kidney damage due to prolonged high blood glucose levels, leading to impaired kidney function and potential kidney failure?

The HbA1c test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months and provides information about long-term glucose control. It is commonly used to monitor diabetes management and assess the effectiveness of treatment.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. The fasting blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast and provides information about current glucose levels, not long-term control.

b. This choice is incorrect. The OGTT measures the body's ability to clear glucose from the blood and is used to diagnose diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, but it is not typically used for assessing long-term glucose control.

d. This choice is incorrect. The C-peptide test is used to assess insulin production by the pancreas and is not typically used to assess long-term glucose control.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by high blood glucose levels, the presence of ketones in the urine, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances. It can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.

Incorrect choices:

b. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication that affects the kidneys and can lead to impaired kidney function.

c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.

d. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the blood vessels of the retina and can lead to vision loss.