When planning care for a patient with HIV, which of the following precautions should be implemented?
Standard
Droplet
Contact
Airborne
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: This statement is correct, as standard precautions are the minimum level of infection control practices that should be applied to all patients, regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection status. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe handling of sharps and contaminated items, and environmental cleaning. Standard precautions are sufficient for most patients with HIV, unless they have other infections that require additional precautions.
Choice B reason: This statement is incorrect, as droplet precautions are not required for patients with HIV, unless they have other infections that are transmitted by respiratory droplets, such as influenza, pertussis, or meningitis. Droplet precautions include wearing a surgical mask when within 3 feet of the patient, placing the patient in a private room or cohorting with other patients with the same infection, and limiting the movement of the patient outside the room.
Choice C reason: This statement is incorrect, as contact precautions are not required for patients with HIV, unless they have other infections that are transmitted by direct or indirect contact, such as Clostridioides difficile, scabies, or herpes simplex virus. Contact precautions include wearing gloves and gowns when entering the patient's room, placing the patient in a private room or cohorting with other patients with the same infection, and dedicating patient-care equipment to the patient or disinfecting it before use on another patient.
Choice D reason: This statement is incorrect, as airborne precautions are not required for patients with HIV, unless they have other infections that are transmitted by airborne particles, such as tuberculosis, measles, or chickenpox. Airborne precautions include wearing a respirator or N95 mask when entering the patient's room, placing the patient in a negative-pressure isolation room with the door closed, and limiting the movement of the patient outside the room.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: This statement is incorrect, as 5% is too high for the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% with effective interventions, such as ART, safe delivery practices, and appropriate infant feeding¹.
Choice B reason: This statement is incorrect, as 20% is too high for the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to the WHO, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% with effective interventions, such as ART, safe delivery practices, and appropriate infant feeding¹.
Choice C reason: This statement is incorrect, as 15% is too high for the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to the WHO, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% with effective interventions, such as ART, safe delivery practices, and appropriate infant feeding¹.
Choice D reason: This statement is correct, as 1% is the approximate risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to HIV.gov, if a woman with HIV takes HIV medicine as prescribed throughout her pregnancy and childbirth and gives HIV medicine to her baby for 2-6 weeks after giving birth, the risk of transmitting HIV to the baby can be less than 1%.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is not a good choice. Watching for signs of cyanosis and administering high dose steroids are not the first steps in managing infective endocarditis. Cyanosis is a late sign of hypoxia and steroids are not indicated for this condition.
Choice B reason: This is the correct choice. Obtaining blood cultures, administering high dose antibiotics, and assessing for cardiac decompensation are the priority interventions for a child with infective endocarditis. Blood cultures are needed to identify the causative organism and guide antibiotic therapy. High dose antibiotics are needed to eradicate the infection and prevent further damage to the heart valves. Cardiac decompensation is a serious complication of infective endocarditis that can lead to heart failure and shock.
Choice C reason: This is not a good choice. Starting high dose antibiotics, obtaining serial blood cultures, and putting the child on high flow oxygen are not the best order of management for infective endocarditis. Blood cultures should be obtained before starting antibiotics to avoid false negative results. High flow oxygen may not be necessary unless the child has signs of hypoxia or respiratory distress.
Choice D reason: This is not a good choice. Obtaining CBC, CXR and starting child on high dose aspirin are not the first steps in managing infective endocarditis. CBC and CXR are useful tests to monitor the infection and the cardiac function, but they are not as urgent as blood cultures. High dose aspirin is not recommended for infective endocarditis as it can increase the risk of bleeding.
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