What is true regarding FAS and NAS?

Choice A reason:

Stop breastfeeding. This is the correct answer because newborns and infants with galactosemia cannot metabolize galactose, a sugar found in milk and lactose-containing formulas, including breast milk. Galactose can build up in their blood and cause serious complications such as liver damage, cataracts, brain damage, and even death. Therefore, the therapeutic management for this newborn is to stop breastfeeding and switch to a soy or elemental formula that contains no galactose.

Choice B reason:

Add amino acids to the breast milk. This is incorrect because adding amino acids to breast milk will not prevent the accumulation of galactose in the newborn's blood. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, not sugars. Adding amino acids to breast milk will not change its galactose content or help the newborn metabolize it.

Choice C reason:

Substitute a lactose-containing formula for breast milk. This is incorrect because lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose. Lactose-containing formulas will also expose the newborn to galactose, which they cannot break down. Lactose-containing formulas should be avoided in newborns and infants with galactosemia.

Choice D reason:

Give the appropriate enzyme along with breast milk. This is incorrect because there is no enzyme therapy available for galactosemia. Galactosemia is caused by a genetic defect in one of the enzymes involved in the breakdown of galactose, such as galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), galactokinase (GALK), or uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase (GALE). Giving an enzyme along with breast milk will not correct this defect or prevent the harmful effects of galactose accumulation.

Choice A reason:

Determining maternal well-being is not the purpose of the Bishop's score. The Bishop's score is a pre-labor scoring system to assist in predicting whether induction of labor will be required. It does not measure maternal vital signs, blood tests, or other indicators of maternal well-being.

Choice B reason:

Determining the readiness of the cervix for labor is the purpose of the Bishop's score. The Bishop's score gives points to five measurements of the pelvic examination: dilation, effacement, station, consistency, and position of the cervix. The higher the score, the more favorable or "ripe”. the cervix is for induction of labor.

Choice C reason:

Determining the progress of labor is not the purpose of the Bishop's score. The Bishop's score is used before labor begins to assess the likelihood of a successful induction or a spontaneous preterm delivery. It does not measure contractions, fetal descent, or other indicators of labor progress.

Choice D reason:

Determining the well-being of the fetus is not the purpose of the Bishop's score. The Bishop's score is a cervical assessment tool that does not directly evaluate fetal status. It does not measure fetal heart rate, movement, or biophysical profile.