The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with advanced liver disease. Which laboratory result(s) would the nurse expect? Select all that apply.
Increased serum calcium.
Decreased serum ammonia.
Increased ALT and AST.
Decreased albumin.
Elevated bilirubin.
Elevated prothrombin time (PT).
Correct Answer : C,D,E,F
Choice A reason: Increased serum calcium is not typically associated with advanced liver disease. Hypercalcemia (increased serum calcium) may be seen in conditions like hyperparathyroidism, certain cancers, or excessive vitamin D intake, but it is not a common finding in liver disease.
Choice B reason: Decreased serum ammonia is also not associated with advanced liver disease. In fact, patients with liver disease often have increased serum ammonia levels due to the liver's inability to effectively detoxify ammonia into urea. Elevated ammonia can lead to hepatic encephalopathy, a serious complication of liver disease.
Choice C reason: Increased ALT and AST are common laboratory findings in advanced liver disease. These liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), are released into the bloodstream when liver cells are damaged or inflamed. Elevated levels indicate liver injury or dysfunction and are often used to assess the extent of liver disease.
Choice D reason: Decreased albumin is a typical finding in advanced liver disease. Albumin is a protein produced by the liver, and its levels drop when the liver is no longer able to synthesize it effectively. Low albumin levels can lead to edema and ascites due to decreased oncotic pressure in the blood vessels.
Choice E reason: Elevated bilirubin is expected in advanced liver disease. Bilirubin is a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown that is normally processed and excreted by the liver. When liver function is impaired, bilirubin accumulates in the blood, leading to jaundice, characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes.
Choice F reason: Elevated prothrombin time (PT) is a common finding in advanced liver disease. The liver produces clotting factors necessary for blood coagulation, and when it is damaged, these factors are not produced adequately, leading to prolonged PT. This indicates a higher risk of bleeding and impaired clotting function.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Obtaining daily weights of the client is the best action to assess the therapeutic effect of furosemide in managing early chronic kidney disease. Daily weights provide valuable information about fluid balance and the effectiveness of the diuretic in reducing fluid retention. Consistent weight monitoring helps determine if the medication is achieving its goal of managing fluid overload, which is a common issue in CKD patients.
Choice B reason: Assessing acid-base balance is important in managing CKD, but it is not the primary action to assess the therapeutic effect of furosemide. While diuretics can influence electrolyte levels and acid-base balance, monitoring fluid status through daily weights is more directly related to evaluating the effectiveness of the medication.
Choice C reason: Assessing the client's serum creatinine is crucial for monitoring kidney function and progression of CKD. However, it is not the primary action to determine the therapeutic effect of furosemide. The focus of furosemide therapy is to manage fluid balance, and daily weights provide a more immediate and relevant assessment of this effect.
Choice D reason: Auscultating heart sounds is part of a comprehensive assessment of a CKD patient, but it is not the best action to evaluate the therapeutic effect of furosemide. Heart sounds can provide information about cardiac function and potential complications, but they do not directly measure the effectiveness of fluid management achieved by the diuretic.
Correct Answer is ["B","C","D","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Age is a non-modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease. While it is a significant risk factor, individuals cannot change their age. Modifiable risk factors are those that individuals can alter through lifestyle changes or medical interventions to reduce their risk of developing coronary artery disease.
Choice B reason: Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease. By managing blood pressure through lifestyle changes, medications, and regular monitoring, individuals can reduce their risk of developing coronary artery disease. Effective management of hypertension includes reducing sodium intake, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and taking prescribed medications.
Choice C reason: Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease. Individuals can work towards achieving and maintaining a healthy weight through dietary changes, increased physical activity, and behavioral modifications. Losing weight can significantly lower the risk of coronary artery disease by improving blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and overall cardiovascular health.
Choice D reason: Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease. Quitting smoking can dramatically reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular conditions. Smoking cessation programs, medications, and support groups can help individuals successfully quit smoking and improve their cardiovascular health.
Choice E reason: Stress is a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease. Chronic stress can contribute to the development of coronary artery disease by affecting blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and overall heart health. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, counseling, and mindfulness practices can help reduce the risk of coronary artery disease.
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