Sodium and water balance is regulated by which of the following physiological factors?
Buffering mechanism of kidneys and sodium bicarbonate
Aldosterone and renin excretion
Production of glucocorticoids and reabsorption of glucose
Intestinal absorption and retention of water
The Correct Answer is B
a. Buffering mechanism of kidneys and sodium bicarbonate: The buffering mechanism and sodium bicarbonate are involved in pH regulation, not directly in sodium and water balance.
b. Aldosterone and renin excretion: Correct. Aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, and renin, an enzyme secreted by the kidneys, play crucial roles in regulating sodium and water balance.
c. Production of glucocorticoids and reabsorption of glucose: Glucocorticoids are involved in stress responses and metabolism, while glucose reabsorption relates to energy balance, not specifically sodium and water balance.
d. Intestinal absorption and retention of water: While intestinal absorption is important for overall fluid balance, it is not the primary regulatory mechanism for sodium and water balance in the body, which is primarily controlled by renal and endocrine factors.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
a. The outer tissue layer consisting of renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules: This describes the renal cortex, not the renal pelvis.
b. The inner tissue layer consisting of the loop of Henle and collecting tubules: This describes the renal medulla, not the renal pelvis.
c. The expanded area of a renal tubule that encloses the glomerulus: This describes Bowman's capsule, not the renal pelvis.
d. The cavity where urine flows from the calyces to enter the ureters: Correct. The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped cavity that collects urine from the calyces and channels it into the ureter.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
a. Outermost layer that lies underneath the pericardial sac: This describes the epicardium, not the endocardium.
b. Outer layer that produces serous fluid: This describes the pericardium, particularly the visceral layer.
c. Inner layer that is continuous with the blood vessels: The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart, lining the heart chambers and continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels.
d. Central layer that contracts and relaxes: This describes the myocardium, the muscular middle layer of the heart
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