Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

Individual Rights Versus Community Needs

1Because civil liberties and rights are fundamental to democracy, it is often assumed that personal freedoms cannot be limited in such a system. When individuals exercise their freedoms in ways that are harmful to other individuals or to the society as a whole, however, a conflict arises between individual rights and the needs of the community. The freedom of individuals, like the power of government, must have limits

2The First Amendment to the US Constitution, for example, guarantees the rights of all citizens to the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly. People can organize to achieve common purposes and can express personal opinions without these rights being abridged; however, freedom of assembly does not extend to people who meet for the purpose of conspiring to bomb a department store or for other purposes that would threaten others. Freedom of the press does not prevent a newspaper from being sued when it prints libelous statements. As Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes declare, "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting Fire!' in a theatre and causing a panic. Thus, individual freedoms, although guaranteed by the Constitution, must be somewhat limited if public order and the rights of others are to be preserved.

3There are times, however, when the boundaries between First Amendment rights and community rights are not clear-cut. This is particularly true when the exercise of free speech and press conflict with the taste and standards of the community. A novel hat is considered a masterpiece in literary circles may be considered "obscene literature by the general community. What is the meaning of "obscenity? What are community standards? How can the effects of such literature on the community be measured? Obviously, questions like these are not easily answered by the courts.

4The procedural rights of suspected or accused criminals can also conflict with the welfare of the community. For example, the Constitution protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures, against self-incrimination, and against being detained without a writ of habeas corpus an order issued by a court to show cause for such a detention.

5Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren supported stringent adherence to these procedural rights. In opposition, many law enforcement officials and others maintained that such protection of suspected criminals inhibited control of crime and threatened community safety.

6The Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, subsequently, made a series of rulings that granted the e police more discretion than the Warren Court was willing to allow. The Burger Court gave prosecutors the right to rely on evidence obtained without search warrants in questioning witnesses before grand juries. Moreover, it watered down the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures by permitting police to search a driver arrested for a traffic violation and to use the evidence to convict the driver of an entirely unrelated offense.

Which of the following statement best expresses the main idea of paragraph 2?

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

Individual Rights Versus Community Needs

1Because civil liberties and rights are fundamental to democracy, it is often assumed that personal freedoms cannot be limited in such a system. When individuals exercise their freedoms in ways that are harmful to other individuals or to the society as a whole, however, a conflict arises between individual rights and the needs of the community. The freedom of individuals, like the power of government, must have limits

2The First Amendment to the US Constitution, for example, guarantees the rights of all citizens to the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly. People can organize to achieve common purposes and can express personal opinions without these rights being abridged; however, freedom of assembly does not extend to people who meet for the purpose of conspiring to bomb a department store or for other purposes that would threaten others. Freedom of the press does not prevent a newspaper from being sued when it prints libelous statements. As Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes declare, "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting Fire!' in a theatre and causing a panic. Thus, individual freedoms, although guaranteed by the Constitution, must be somewhat limited if public order and the rights of others are to be preserved.

3There are times, however, when the boundaries between First Amendment rights and community rights are not clear-cut. This is particularly true when the exercise of free speech and press conflict with the taste and standards of the community. A novel hat is considered a masterpiece in literary circles may be considered "obscene literature by the general community. What is the meaning of "obscenity? What are community standards? How can the effects of such literature on the community be measured? Obviously, questions like these are not easily answered by the courts.

4The procedural rights of suspected or accused criminals can also conflict with the welfare of the community. For example, the Constitution protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures, against self-incrimination, and against being detained without a writ of habeas corpus an order issued by a court to show cause for such a detention.

5Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren supported stringent adherence to these procedural rights. In opposition, many law enforcement officials and others maintained that such protection of suspected criminals inhibited control of crime and threatened community safety.

6The Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, subsequently, made a series of rulings that granted the e police more discretion than the Warren Court was willing to allow. The Burger Court gave prosecutors the right to rely on evidence obtained without search warrants in questioning witnesses before grand juries. Moreover, it watered down the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures by permitting police to search a driver arrested for a traffic violation and to use the evidence to convict the driver of an entirely unrelated offense.

Which of the following assumption is most central to the views expressed by the author of this passage?

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

The Women's Movement in Recent Decades

1American women the 1960s were hardly a minority. They constituted 51 percent of the population. In the course of the decade, however, many women began to identify with members of other oppressed groups and to demand a liberation of their own. By the 1970s, public awareness of the issue had increased dramatically, and the role of women in American life had changed more radically than that of any other group in the nation.

2The complaints of the feminists were many. Women were, they argued, barred from educational institutions, from professions, from politics, and from countless other areas of American life. They faced innumerable forms of legal and economic discrimination, including the widespread practice of paying women less than men even when they were doing equal work.

3By the late 1960's, such resentments had attracted a large following among middle-class women and the feminist movement had gained substantial strength. Women won important new legal protections and substantial economic and political advances. In 1964, for example, Congress incorporated into the Civil Rights Act and amendment- Title VII- that extended to women the protection of the law in the struggle against Discrimination. In 1971, the government extended its Affirmative Action guidelines to include women Inking sexism with racism as an officially acknowledged social problem.

 4Of all the feminist crusades of the 1960s and 1970s, none united more women from more different backgrounds than the campaign for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution. Congress approved the amendment in 1972 and sent it to the states, and for a while it seemed that eventual ratification a matter of time. By the end of the 1970s, however, the momentum behind the amendment had died. In 1980, the Republican Party after forty years of support for the idea of the ERA-wrote into its platform a new plank opposing the amendment. And two years later, the amendment finally died when the time allotted for ratification expired. The Equal Rights Amendment had been the central demand of American feminism since it was first proposed in 1923. But in 1982, it was a hope still far from realization

5The women's movement was at once the most potent symbol and the most glaring exception to the general impulse toward political and cultural "liberation" of the late 1960s. Feminism expressed both a desire to win social justice through collective political action a desire that characterized the New Left and a concern for the individual fulfillment and personal freedom a concern that typified much of the counterculture. But it differed from both in one fundamental respect: its success. The women's movement may not have fulfilled all its goals by the early 1980s. But it had achieved fundamental and permanent changes in the position of women in American life; and it has itself become a lasting political and social force.

What is the author's main purpose in this passage?

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

Use of Computers in Education

1Teachers instruct students in different ways, by presenting information to large groups, small groups, or individuals. Books, other print materials, and audiovisual items can be used to provide visual, aural, and tactile experiences. Computers and computer software are also included in the array of materials available

2The first of two main advantages to the increasing use and availability of instructional computer software is the ability to effectively provide for the different earning styles of children and young adults. Some lean best when information is presented visually, but others prefer oral instruction; some need tactile stimulation, of media for while a combination of several methods is most effective for others. With this diversity of learning styles, educators should use several types instruction, such as books and audio/video DVDs, along with computer software. These provide multiple sources of information or instruction that help broaden the learning environment, reinforcing the importance of computers in education.

3The second advantage is the use of computer software can facilitate individualized A well-written, individually paced program provides the appropriate instruction and problems, presenting The second advantage is the use of instruction amounts of new information only when the student is ready. Students learning at a slower pace are not pressured and fast learners are allowed to proceed as soon as they have mastered the current portion of the program. Educators rarely have enough time to give each student this type of individual attention, making computers an important resource in education.

4While computers are valuable to education, they only assist in the instructional process. A computer is one tool, albeit a powerful one, that can be used to help present information or develop skills; however, the teacher or school library media specialist will continue to be indispensable education. These trained professionals have the expertise necessary to design, select, execute, and evaluate a learning experience, as well as the skills to diagnose student learning problems, then match the software to specific leaner needs. They can also evaluate the student's progress, level of knowledge, develop a total package of classroom learning experiences, and foster an atmosphere which encourages thinking and learning. It takes flexibility and judgment to implement individualized instruction plans. No computer can replace the teacher or school library specialist in this respect

5Although not the cure-all that some educators originally believed, the computer, good educational software, can be a powerful tool and an effective supplement to classroom instruction, School library media specialists and teachers need to be aware of the full range of possibilities for computers in education professionals should develop the skills needed to identify educational software programs that enable students to make the best use of computers.

Which of the following best defines the term foster an atmosphere paragraph 4 of the passage?

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

The Women's Movement in Recent Decades

1American women the 1960s were hardly a minority. They constituted 51 percent of the population. In the course of the decade, however, many women began to identify with members of other oppressed groups and to demand a liberation of their own. By the 1970s, public awareness of the issue had increased dramatically, and the role of women in American life had changed more radically than that of any other group in the nation.

2The complaints of the feminists were many. Women were, they argued, barred from educational institutions, from professions, from politics, and from countless other areas of American life. They faced innumerable forms of legal and economic discrimination, including the widespread practice of paying women less than men even when they were doing equal work.

3By the late 1960's, such resentments had attracted a large following among middle-class women and the feminist movement had gained substantial strength. Women won important new legal protections and substantial economic and political advances. In 1964, for example, Congress incorporated into the Civil Rights Act and amendment- Title VII- that extended to women the protection of the law in the struggle against Discrimination. In 1971, the government extended its Affirmative Action guidelines to include women Inking sexism with racism as an officially acknowledged social problem.

 4Of all the feminist crusades of the 1960s and 1970s, none united more women from more different backgrounds than the campaign for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution. Congress approved the amendment in 1972 and sent it to the states, and for a while it seemed that eventual ratification a matter of time. By the end of the 1970s, however, the momentum behind the amendment had died. In 1980, the Republican Party after forty years of support for the idea of the ERA-wrote into its platform a new plank opposing the amendment. And two years later, the amendment finally died when the time allotted for ratification expired. The Equal Rights Amendment had been the central demand of American feminism since it was first proposed in 1923. But in 1982, it was a hope still far from realization

5The women's movement was at once the most potent symbol and the most glaring exception to the general impulse toward political and cultural "liberation" of the late 1960s. Feminism expressed both a desire to win social justice through collective political action a desire that characterized the New Left and a concern for the individual fulfillment and personal freedom a concern that typified much of the counterculture. But it differed from both in one fundamental respect: its success. The women's movement may not have fulfilled all its goals by the early 1980s. But it had achieved fundamental and permanent changes in the position of women in American life; and it has itself become a lasting political and social force.

According to the passage, what was the main reason the feminist movement gained political momentum during the 1960s and 1970s?

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

Individual Rights Versus Community Needs

1Because civil liberties and rights are fundamental to democracy, it is often assumed that personal freedoms cannot be limited in such a system. When individuals exercise their freedoms in ways that are harmful to other individuals or to the society as a whole, however, a conflict arises between individual rights and the needs of the community. The freedom of individuals, like the power of government, must have limits

2The First Amendment to the US Constitution, for example, guarantees the rights of all citizens to the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly. People can organize to achieve common purposes and can express personal opinions without these rights being abridged; however, freedom of assembly does not extend to people who meet for the purpose of conspiring to bomb a department store or for other purposes that would threaten others. Freedom of the press does not prevent a newspaper from being sued when it prints libelous statements. As Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes declare, "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting Fire!' in a theatre and causing a panic. Thus, individual freedoms, although guaranteed by the Constitution, must be somewhat limited if public order and the rights of others are to be preserved.

3There are times, however, when the boundaries between First Amendment rights and community rights are not clear-cut. This is particularly true when the exercise of free speech and press conflict with the taste and standards of the community. A novel hat is considered a masterpiece in literary circles may be considered "obscene literature by the general community. What is the meaning of "obscenity? What are community standards? How can the effects of such literature on the community be measured? Obviously, questions like these are not easily answered by the courts.

4The procedural rights of suspected or accused criminals can also conflict with the welfare of the community. For example, the Constitution protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures, against self-incrimination, and against being detained without a writ of habeas corpus an order issued by a court to show cause for such a detention.

5Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren supported stringent adherence to these procedural rights. In opposition, many law enforcement officials and others maintained that such protection of suspected criminals inhibited control of crime and threatened community safety.

6The Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, subsequently, made a series of rulings that granted the e police more discretion than the Warren Court was willing to allow. The Burger Court gave prosecutors the right to rely on evidence obtained without search warrants in questioning witnesses before grand juries. Moreover, it watered down the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures by permitting police to search a driver arrested for a traffic violation and to use the evidence to convict the driver of an entirely unrelated offense.

Which of the following list of topics BEST organize information in the selection?

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

Development of the Great Lakes

Before the Pleistocene Epoch, there were no lakes in the region of the present-day Great Lakes that were comparable to them in size, because the Pliocene streams of that area drained northward. Lake Superior is located in a structural basin of Precambrian rocks, and most of the other lakes are situated on the sedimentary sequences that probably were low in the Pliocene topography. As Pleistocene ice sheets moved into the region, these earlier valleys were enlarged by scouring and were depressed under the weight of the ice mass. The lakes began to form in the last stages of the Wisconsin glaciation began to r melt and retreat. Melt- waters became trapped between the margins of the ice sheet and the high ground along the drainage divide of the Mississippi basin. During the first part of the history of the lakes, they actually drained into the Mississippi, but later, as the ice retreated farther, a new cutlet, was opened so the waters from the southern margin of the ice front drained westward across Michigan.

The sequence of events known to have taken place in the development of the Great Lakes is extremely complex. The following are among the most important factors that have contributed to the course of events in this region:

1. During glaciation the weight of the ice sheet caused the continent to be depressed. As the ice wasted away the land rose. Thus the old shorelines have become titled by this upward rise of the central part of the Canadian Shield
2. The ice front did not remain steady during the evolution of the lakes. It oscillated back and forth, advancing and retreating in different places at
3. The shape of the lakes has naturally been determined in part by the configuration of the land surface wasted. that has become exposed as the ice sheet
4. With each advance of the ice sheet, morainal debris was pushed into new positions and partially removed from older ones, thus changing the outlets and barriers of the lake waters.

3In spite of these complicating factors, the history of the lakes has been largely worked out. It is possible to trace the position of the lakes by means of mapping the beaches, wave-cut cliffs, sand dunes, bars, and other shoreline features formed at each stage in the lakes' history. Along these old shorelines it is possible to find outlets that were used at the time each lake occupied each position. It is not possible to outline exactly the position of each lake at every time during the evolution of the lakes, because the story has not been one of a gradually receding body of water. Some of the more recent lake shorelines cross and obliterate earlier shoreline features. In addition, most of the earlier lakes were marginal to the ice so no shoreline features are found where the beaches ran into the ice sheet.

According to the passage, when did great lakes begin to form?

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

Use of Computers in Education

1Teachers instruct students in different ways, by presenting information to large groups, small groups, or individuals. Books, other print materials, and audiovisual items can be used to provide visual, aural, and tactile experiences. Computers and computer software are also included in the array of materials available

2The first of two main advantages to the increasing use and availability of instructional computer software is the ability to effectively provide for the different earning styles of children and young adults. Some lean best when information is presented visually, but others prefer oral instruction; some need tactile stimulation, of media for while a combination of several methods is most effective for others. With this diversity of learning styles, educators should use several types instruction, such as books and audio/video DVDs, along with computer software. These provide multiple sources of information or instruction that help broaden the learning environment, reinforcing the importance of computers in education.

3The second advantage is the use of computer software can facilitate individualized A well-written, individually paced program provides the appropriate instruction and problems, presenting The second advantage is the use of instruction amounts of new information only when the student is ready. Students learning at a slower pace are not pressured and fast learners are allowed to proceed as soon as they have mastered the current portion of the program. Educators rarely have enough time to give each student this type of individual attention, making computers an important resource in education.

4While computers are valuable to education, they only assist in the instructional process. A computer is one tool, albeit a powerful one, that can be used to help present information or develop skills; however, the teacher or school library media specialist will continue to be indispensable education. These trained professionals have the expertise necessary to design, select, execute, and evaluate a learning experience, as well as the skills to diagnose student learning problems, then match the software to specific leaner needs. They can also evaluate the student's progress, level of knowledge, develop a total package of classroom learning experiences, and foster an atmosphere which encourages thinking and learning. It takes flexibility and judgment to implement individualized instruction plans. No computer can replace the teacher or school library specialist in this respect

5Although not the cure-all that some educators originally believed, the computer, good educational software, can be a powerful tool and an effective supplement to classroom instruction, School library media specialists and teachers need to be aware of the full range of possibilities for computers in education professionals should develop the skills needed to identify educational software programs that enable students to make the best use of computers.

Which of the following statements BEST expresses the main idea of paragraph 4?

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

Use of Computers in Education

1Teachers instruct students in different ways, by presenting information to large groups, small groups, or individuals. Books, other print materials, and audiovisual items can be used to provide visual, aural, and tactile experiences. Computers and computer software are also included in the array of materials available

2The first of two main advantages to the increasing use and availability of instructional computer software is the ability to effectively provide for the different earning styles of children and young adults. Some lean best when information is presented visually, but others prefer oral instruction; some need tactile stimulation, of media for while a combination of several methods is most effective for others. With this diversity of learning styles, educators should use several types instruction, such as books and audio/video DVDs, along with computer software. These provide multiple sources of information or instruction that help broaden the learning environment, reinforcing the importance of computers in education.

3The second advantage is the use of computer software can facilitate individualized A well-written, individually paced program provides the appropriate instruction and problems, presenting The second advantage is the use of instruction amounts of new information only when the student is ready. Students learning at a slower pace are not pressured and fast learners are allowed to proceed as soon as they have mastered the current portion of the program. Educators rarely have enough time to give each student this type of individual attention, making computers an important resource in education.

4While computers are valuable to education, they only assist in the instructional process. A computer is one tool, albeit a powerful one, that can be used to help present information or develop skills; however, the teacher or school library media specialist will continue to be indispensable education. These trained professionals have the expertise necessary to design, select, execute, and evaluate a learning experience, as well as the skills to diagnose student learning problems, then match the software to specific leaner needs. They can also evaluate the student's progress, level of knowledge, develop a total package of classroom learning experiences, and foster an atmosphere which encourages thinking and learning. It takes flexibility and judgment to implement individualized instruction plans. No computer can replace the teacher or school library specialist in this respect

5Although not the cure-all that some educators originally believed, the computer, good educational software, can be a powerful tool and an effective supplement to classroom instruction, School library media specialists and teachers need to be aware of the full range of possibilities for computers in education professionals should develop the skills needed to identify educational software programs that enable students to make the best use of computers.

Which of the following remarks made by the writer expresses a fact rather than an opinion?

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

The Women's Movement in Recent Decades

1American women the 1960s were hardly a minority. They constituted 51 percent of the population. In the course of the decade, however, many women began to identify with members of other oppressed groups and to demand a liberation of their own. By the 1970s, public awareness of the issue had increased dramatically, and the role of women in American life had changed more radically than that of any other group in the nation.

2The complaints of the feminists were many. Women were, they argued, barred from educational institutions, from professions, from politics, and from countless other areas of American life. They faced innumerable forms of legal and economic discrimination, including the widespread practice of paying women less than men even when they were doing equal work.

3By the late 1960's, such resentments had attracted a large following among middle-class women and the feminist movement had gained substantial strength. Women won important new legal protections and substantial economic and political advances. In 1964, for example, Congress incorporated into the Civil Rights Act and amendment- Title VII- that extended to women the protection of the law in the struggle against Discrimination. In 1971, the government extended its Affirmative Action guidelines to include women Inking sexism with racism as an officially acknowledged social problem.

 4Of all the feminist crusades of the 1960s and 1970s, none united more women from more different backgrounds than the campaign for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution. Congress approved the amendment in 1972 and sent it to the states, and for a while it seemed that eventual ratification a matter of time. By the end of the 1970s, however, the momentum behind the amendment had died. In 1980, the Republican Party after forty years of support for the idea of the ERA-wrote into its platform a new plank opposing the amendment. And two years later, the amendment finally died when the time allotted for ratification expired. The Equal Rights Amendment had been the central demand of American feminism since it was first proposed in 1923. But in 1982, it was a hope still far from realization

5The women's movement was at once the most potent symbol and the most glaring exception to the general impulse toward political and cultural "liberation" of the late 1960s. Feminism expressed both a desire to win social justice through collective political action a desire that characterized the New Left and a concern for the individual fulfillment and personal freedom a concern that typified much of the counterculture. But it differed from both in one fundamental respect: its success. The women's movement may not have fulfilled all its goals by the early 1980s. But it had achieved fundamental and permanent changes in the position of women in American life; and it has itself become a lasting political and social force.

Which of the following statement best expresses the main idea in paragraph 5?

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

Individual Rights Versus Community Needs

1Because civil liberties and rights are fundamental to democracy, it is often assumed that personal freedoms cannot be limited in such a system. When individuals exercise their freedoms in ways that are harmful to other individuals or to the society as a whole, however, a conflict arises between individual rights and the needs of the community. The freedom of individuals, like the power of government, must have limits

2The First Amendment to the US Constitution, for example, guarantees the rights of all citizens to the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly. People can organize to achieve common purposes and can express personal opinions without these rights being abridged; however, freedom of assembly does not extend to people who meet for the purpose of conspiring to bomb a department store or for other purposes that would threaten others. Freedom of the press does not prevent a newspaper from being sued when it prints libelous statements. As Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes declare, "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting Fire!' in a theatre and causing a panic. Thus, individual freedoms, although guaranteed by the Constitution, must be somewhat limited if public order and the rights of others are to be preserved.

3There are times, however, when the boundaries between First Amendment rights and community rights are not clear-cut. This is particularly true when the exercise of free speech and press conflict with the taste and standards of the community. A novel hat is considered a masterpiece in literary circles may be considered "obscene literature by the general community. What is the meaning of "obscenity? What are community standards? How can the effects of such literature on the community be measured? Obviously, questions like these are not easily answered by the courts.

4The procedural rights of suspected or accused criminals can also conflict with the welfare of the community. For example, the Constitution protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures, against self-incrimination, and against being detained without a writ of habeas corpus an order issued by a court to show cause for such a detention.

5Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren supported stringent adherence to these procedural rights. In opposition, many law enforcement officials and others maintained that such protection of suspected criminals inhibited control of crime and threatened community safety.

6The Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, subsequently, made a series of rulings that granted the e police more discretion than the Warren Court was willing to allow. The Burger Court gave prosecutors the right to rely on evidence obtained without search warrants in questioning witnesses before grand juries. Moreover, it watered down the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures by permitting police to search a driver arrested for a traffic violation and to use the evidence to convict the driver of an entirely unrelated offense.

Which of the following statement best expresses the main idea of paragraph 2?