Primary hypertension:
Is caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia with associated fibrosis of the intima and media
Underactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and the RAAS
is caused by complicated interactions of genetics and the environment without evidence of a specific causative agent
is caused by systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular resistance and/or cardiac output
The Correct Answer is C
A. Is caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia with associated fibrosis of the intima and media: While these changes can occur in the vascular walls over time due to hypertension, they are not the primary cause of primary hypertension itself. Primary hypertension is more complex and multifactorial.
B. Underactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and the RAAS: Primary hypertension is characterized by increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), not underactivity. Increased activity of these systems contributes to elevated blood pressure.
C. Is caused by complicated interactions of genetics and the environment without evidence of a specific causative agent: This statement accurately describes primary hypertension, which results from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as diet, physical activity, and stress. There is no single identifiable cause for primary hypertension, making this the correct answer.
D. Is caused by systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular resistance and/or cardiac output: This statement pertains more to secondary hypertension, which is due to identifiable causes such as kidney disease, endocrine disorders, or other systemic diseases. Primary hypertension does not arise from a specific systemic disease but rather from multifactorial influences.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Bradycardia: Bradycardia, which is a slower than normal heart rate, is not a typical clinical manifestation of pleural effusion with empyema. In fact, fever and infection usually lead to tachycardia (an increased heart rate) as the body attempts to respond to infection.
B. Pleural pain: Pleural pain is a common symptom associated with pleural effusion and empyema, resulting from irritation of the pleura due to inflammation or infection.
C. Cough: A cough can occur with pleural effusion and empyema, often as a response to irritation or pressure in the thoracic cavity. It may also be associated with underlying lung conditions contributing to the effusion.
D. Fever: Fever is a typical clinical manifestation of empyema, indicating an infectious process. The presence of infection in the pleural space often results in systemic signs of infection, such as fever.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Assist with a chest tube insertion: A gunshot wound to the chest with a one-way valve pleural rupture indicates a tension pneumothorax, a life-threatening condition. Air enters the pleural space with each breath but cannot escape, leading to increased intrathoracic pressure, lung collapse, and mediastinal shift, which can compromise venous return and cardiac output. Immediate chest tube insertion or needle decompression is necessary to relieve pressure and restore normal lung function.
B. Give the patient low-flow oxygen: Oxygen therapy may help improve oxygenation, but it does not address the underlying issue of trapped air causing intrathoracic pressure buildup. Without intervention to release the trapped air, respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse can occur.
C. Assess for clubbing of fingernails: Clubbing is a sign of chronic hypoxia seen in long-term respiratory diseases but is not relevant in the acute management of a tension pneumothorax. The priority is to relieve the trapped air and restore normal lung expansion.
D. Draw arterial gases: While arterial blood gases can help assess oxygenation and ventilation status, they do not treat the underlying tension pneumothorax. Immediate decompression is required before diagnostic tests to prevent rapid deterioration and potential cardiac arrest.
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