Primary hypertension:

Is caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia with associated fibrosis of the intima and media

Underactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and the RAAS

is caused by complicated interactions of genetics and the environment without evidence of a specific causative agent

is caused by systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular resistance and/or cardiac output

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Is caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia with associated fibrosis of the intima and media: While these changes can occur in the vascular walls over time due to hypertension, they are not the primary cause of primary hypertension itself. Primary hypertension is more complex and multifactorial.

B. Underactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and the RAAS: Primary hypertension is characterized by increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), not underactivity. Increased activity of these systems contributes to elevated blood pressure.

C. Is caused by complicated interactions of genetics and the environment without evidence of a specific causative agent: This statement accurately describes primary hypertension, which results from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as diet, physical activity, and stress. There is no single identifiable cause for primary hypertension, making this the correct answer.

D. Is caused by systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular resistance and/or cardiac output: This statement pertains more to secondary hypertension, which is due to identifiable causes such as kidney disease, endocrine disorders, or other systemic diseases. Primary hypertension does not arise from a specific systemic disease but rather from multifactorial influences.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Chest pain: While chest pain can occur in various pulmonary diseases, it is not as universally common or characteristic as cough. Chest pain may be more indicative of specific conditions rather than a broad symptom associated with pulmonary disease.

B. Cough: Cough is one of the most common symptoms associated with pulmonary disease, often occurring in conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and bronchitis. It serves as a protective reflex to clear airways and is frequently reported by patients with pulmonary issues.

C. Hemoptysis: Hemoptysis, or coughing up blood, can be a significant symptom in certain pulmonary conditions (e.g., lung cancer, pulmonary embolism), but it is not as common across all pulmonary diseases. It is typically more specific to particular conditions.

D. Digit clubbing: Digit clubbing is a physical finding associated with chronic pulmonary diseases, particularly those that cause long-term hypoxia (e.g., cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease). However, it is less common than cough and typically develops over time rather than being a frequent presenting symptom.

A. Pneumonia B. Heart failure C. Pulmonary emboli D. Acute pulmonary edema

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Pneumonia: Pneumonia is a common cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and is associated with significant inflammation and alveolar damage. Assessing for pneumonia is a priority as it can exacerbate ARDS and lead to further respiratory compromise. Early identification and treatment of pneumonia can significantly improve the patient's outcome.

B. Heart failure: While heart failure can contribute to respiratory distress, ARDS is primarily a non-cardiogenic condition. Assessing for heart failure is important, but pneumonia is more directly linked to the development of ARDS and should be prioritized.

C. Pulmonary emboli: Although pulmonary embolism can cause acute respiratory distress, it is not the primary concern when dealing with ARDS. Assessing for embolism is important, but pneumonia is a more common and immediate concern in the context of ARDS.

D. Acute pulmonary edema: Acute pulmonary edema is usually associated with cardiac issues and is not the underlying cause of ARDS. While monitoring for pulmonary edema is necessary, pneumonia is the more relevant condition to assess in a patient diagnosed with ARDS.

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Primary hypertension:

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Besides dyspnea, what is the most common characteristic associated with pulmonary disease?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A patient has been diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). For what other health condition should the healthcare professional assess this patient for as the priority?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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