Match the term with the correct definition:

Choice A rationale

Incisions into the renal pelvis for stone removal describe open surgical methods, not ultrasonic lithotripsy. This invasive approach is reserved for cases where less invasive techniques fail or stones are inaccessible through standard methods. Lithotripsy avoids direct incisions, utilizing external energy for stone fragmentation.

Choice B rationale

Kidney incisions for stone removal align with nephrolithotomy procedures rather than ultrasonic lithotripsy. This alternative represents open surgical intervention, distinct from non-invasive lithotripsy technologies. Lithotripsy eliminates stones using sound waves or lasers, reducing surgical risks and recovery times.

Choice C rationale

Ultrasonic lithotripsy employs high-frequency sound waves to break stones into small fragments. This minimally invasive method allows natural passage through the urinary tract or facilitates removal via catheterization. It reduces complications compared to invasive surgeries and is highly effective for calculi management.

Choice D rationale

Laser fragmentation techniques differ from ultrasonic lithotripsy, involving concentrated light energy to break stones. While both are minimally invasive, ultrasonic methods utilize sound waves rather than light energy for disintegration. This technical distinction outlines lithotripsy's use of external sound waves for stone management.

Choice A rationale

Removing the external fixator for a shower could compromise stabilization of the fracture. External fixators are designed to be left in place to maintain proper alignment and provide structural support for healing bones. Removing the device could introduce unnecessary risks, including increased mobility and potential damage to the fracture site.

Choice B rationale

Prolonged bed rest is not indicated for patients with external fixation devices unless medically necessary. Prolonged immobility can lead to complications such as deep vein thrombosis, muscle atrophy, or joint stiffness. Mobilization should be encouraged as tolerated to support recovery.

Choice C rationale

Proper cleaning of pin insertion sites prevents infection, a major risk with external fixation devices. Using sterile technique to clean the sites daily reduces bacterial colonization. Monitoring for signs of infection such as redness or drainage is critical to avoid osteomyelitis or systemic spread.

Choice D rationale

Prophylactic antibiotics are typically administered perioperatively but are not continued until device removal unless there are specific complications. Prolonged antibiotic use can lead to antimicrobial resistance and should only be used as clinically indicated to prevent or treat infection.