Exhibit 1. The names of the newborn reflexes are? Select all that apply.

Choice A rationale:

The newborn reflex called "rooting”. is characterized by turning the head and opening the mouth when the cheek or mouth area is touched. This reflex helps the newborn find the mother's breast for feeding.

Choice B rationale:

"Stepping”. is a newborn reflex where they make stepping movements when held upright with their feet touching a solid surface. This reflex is present at birth but tends to disappear after a few weeks.

Choice C rationale:

The "Moro”. reflex is also known as the startle reflex. It is elicited by a sudden loss of support or loud noise, causing the newborn to throw their arms and legs out and then bring them back in. This reflex usually disappears around 3 to 4 months of age.

Choice D rationale:

The "Babinski”. reflex is characterized by the extension of the big toe and fanning of the other toes when the sole of the foot is stroked. This reflex is present in newborns and should disappear by around 12 months of age.

Choice E rationale:

"Running”. is not a recognized newborn reflex. There is no reflex with this name related to newborns.

Choice F rationale:

The "gag”. reflex is present in newborns and helps protect the airway by causing a gagging response when the back of the throat is stimulated.

Fetal circulation continues until after the stress of labor.

Choice A rationale:

Fetal circulation undergoes significant changes at birth. It becomes ineffective as the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life occurs. The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, which allow blood to bypass certain fetal circulatory pathways, close as the baby breathes for the first time.

Choice B rationale:

Fetal circulation does not continue until red blood cells are broken down. Red blood cells in a fetus have a shorter lifespan than those in adults and are continually replaced throughout gestation. However, their breakdown is not the reason for the changes in fetal circulation.

Choice C rationale:

The correct answer. Fetal circulation continues until after the stress of labor. During labor, the baby experiences increased stress and pressure, which helps trigger various physiological changes, including the closure of specific fetal circulatory shunts.

Choice D rationale:

Fetal circulation does not continue until adulthood. As mentioned earlier, the transition from fetal to adult circulation occurs during and after birth, with the closure of specific fetal shunts and the establishment of a fully functional adult circulatory system.