Differentiate Type 2 diabetes mellitus from Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 is best described as:
Presence of insulin autoantibodies that destroy beta cells in the pancreas
Need for lifelong insulin injections
Increase of glucagon secretion from beta cells of the pancreas
Resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues
The Correct Answer is D
A. Presence of insulin autoantibodies that destroy beta cells in the pancreas: This describes the autoimmune process characteristic of Type 1 diabetes mellitus, where the immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency.
B. Need for lifelong insulin injections: Lifelong insulin therapy is typically required in Type 1 diabetes due to absolute insulin deficiency. Many individuals with Type 2 diabetes can manage their condition initially with lifestyle changes and oral medications.
C. Increase of glucagon secretion from beta cells of the pancreas: Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells, not beta cells, in the pancreas. Dysregulation of glucagon contributes to hyperglycemia but is not a defining feature distinguishing Type 2 diabetes.
D. Resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues: Type 2 diabetes is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, where muscle, fat, and liver cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels despite normal or increased insulin production. This resistance is a hallmark feature distinguishing it from Type 1 diabetes.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","C","E"]
Explanation
A. Itching: Pruritus typically develops during the icteric phase of hepatitis when bilirubin accumulates in the tissues. It is not considered an early or prodromal symptom but occurs later as jaundice becomes evident.
B. Vomiting: Nausea and vomiting are common prodromal symptoms of hepatitis due to liver inflammation and its impact on digestion. These gastrointestinal symptoms often occur before jaundice or other late signs become apparent.
C. Fatigue: Fatigue is one of the most frequently reported early symptoms of hepatitis. It results from the body's immune response and reduced liver function and may begin days or weeks before jaundice or dark urine appears.
D. Jaundice: Jaundice typically marks the transition to the icteric phase of hepatitis and follows the prodromal phase. It appears as liver dysfunction progresses and bilirubin accumulates in the bloodstream and tissues.
E. Hyperalgia (increased sensitivity to pain): Increased pain sensitivity, particularly in the upper right quadrant, can occur early in hepatitis due to liver inflammation. This symptom may accompany general malaise and precedes more visible signs like jaundice.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Esophageal: Esophageal variceal bleeding is the most common and serious complication of portal hypertension. Increased pressure in the portal venous system leads to the formation of varices in the esophagus, which can rupture and cause life-threatening hemorrhage.
B. Intestinal: While portal hypertension can cause changes in intestinal blood flow, it is not the most common site for clinically significant bleeding. Intestinal bleeding related to portal hypertension is much less frequent than esophageal variceal bleeding.
C. Duodenal: Duodenal bleeding is more commonly associated with peptic ulcer disease rather than portal hypertension. It is not a typical manifestation of increased portal venous pressure.
D. Rectal: Rectal bleeding may occur due to hemorrhoids or portal hypertensive colopathy, but it is less common and less life-threatening compared to esophageal varices in portal hypertension.
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