An imbalance in bone remodeling characteristic of osteoporosis is caused by:

A. Dark-colored urine is typically a sign of dehydration, as the kidneys concentrate the urine when the body is low on water. Adequate hydration usually results in lighter-colored urine.

B. Strong-smelling urine can indicate dehydration, certain foods, or medications, but it is not an indicator of adequate hydration. Properly hydrated urine typically has a mild odor.

C. Oliguria, or low urine output, can be a sign of dehydration, kidney dysfunction, or other underlying issues. It is not a sign of adequate hydration.

D. Pale-colored urine is a characteristic of adequate hydration. When the body is well-hydrated, the kidneys excrete a greater volume of diluted urine, which tends to be light in color.

A. While high blood glucose levels can affect nerve function, excessive glucose exposure does not specifically target the brain and spinal cord in a way that causes neuropathy.

B. Neuropathy in diabetes is not caused by the inability to provide glucose to the brain and spinal cord, but rather by the effects of high blood glucose levels on peripheral nerves.

C. Infection in the nerves is not the primary cause of diabetic neuropathy, although infection can occur in diabetic patients due to poor circulation and immune system impairment.

D. Chronic high blood glucose levels can cause thickening of blood vessels, leading to poor circulation (ischemia) that deprives nerves of oxygen and nutrients, ultimately causing nerve damage. This is the primary cause of diabetic neuropathy.