An imbalance in bone remodeling characteristic of osteoporosis is caused by:

A. This option is incorrect because impaired sodium excretion by the kidneys does contribute to increased peripheral vascular resistance and hypertension.

B. Impaired sodium excretion by the kidneys can lead to fluid retention, which increases blood volume. This results in increased peripheral vascular resistance, a key factor in the development of hypertension.

C. Overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system typically causes a reduction in heart rate and vasodilation, which would generally lower blood pressure, not contribute to hypertension.

D. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. Reduced secretion of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone would not contribute to increased peripheral vascular resistance. In fact, these systems typically work to raise blood pressure when needed.

A. While inflammation plays a role in restoring functional cells, it is not the ultimate goal. The primary purpose of inflammation is to prepare the site for healing, which includes clearing out damaged cells and pathogens.

B. Inflammation is a vital process that helps prepare the site for healing by facilitating the removal of dead tissue and pathogens, allowing for tissue repair. It also promotes the formation of new tissue.

C. Platelet aggregation and clotting are part of the inflammatory process, but the ultimate goal of inflammation is not to increase platelets but to prepare the site for repair and healing.

D. Inflammatory mediators typically cause vasodilation to increase blood flow to the affected area, not vasoconstriction. This helps deliver nutrients, oxygen, and immune cells to the site of injury.