A patient presents to the emergency room reporting chest pain. They state their chest pain occurs with activity and that it subsided after taking nitroglycerin. In addition, the patient states the pain lasted for 8 minutes. Based on the patient's signs and symptoms, what type of angina may the patient be experiencing?

Stable angina

Variant angina (Printmetal Angina)

Microvascular angina

Unstable angina

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Stable angina: This type of angina typically occurs with physical activity or stress and is relieved by rest or the use of nitroglycerin. The patient's report of chest pain occurring with activity, subsiding after taking nitroglycerin, and lasting for 8 minutes aligns with the characteristics of stable angina, indicating that the heart is not receiving enough oxygen during increased demand.

B. Variant angina (Prinzmetal angina): This type of angina occurs due to coronary artery spasms and can happen at rest, often without any apparent trigger. It is usually relieved by rest or medication but is less likely to be activity-related, making it an unlikely diagnosis in this case.

C. Microvascular angina: This type of angina is associated with dysfunction of the small coronary arteries rather than blockages in the larger arteries. It may present differently and is often not directly linked to physical activity or relieved by nitroglycerin.

D. Unstable angina: Unstable angina is characterized by unexpected chest pain that occurs at rest, is more intense, and lasts longer than stable angina. It does not typically resolve quickly with nitroglycerin. Since the patient reports that the pain was activity-related and resolved after taking nitroglycerin, unstable angina is unlikely in this scenario.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Triglycerides: Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. High triglycerides can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to a higher risk of heart disease and complications such as heart attacks or strokes.

B. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs): Elevated VLDL levels are considered harmful and are linked to a higher risk of atherosclerosis. VLDLs contribute to the accumulation of triglycerides and promote the development of plaque in the arteries, which can significantly increase cardiovascular risk over time.

C. High density lipoproteins (HDLs): Elevated HDL levels are considered protective against the development of atherosclerosis. HDLs help transport cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver for excretion, which not only reduces the risk of plaque buildup but also lowers the likelihood of heart disease and enhances overall cardiovascular health.

D. Low density lipoproteins (LDLs): Elevated LDL levels are known to be a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. LDL cholesterol can contribute to the formation of plaques in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke, and it is important to manage LDL levels for better cardiovascular health.

A. Pneumonia B. Heart failure C. Pulmonary emboli D. Acute pulmonary edema

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Pneumonia: Pneumonia is a common cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and is associated with significant inflammation and alveolar damage. Assessing for pneumonia is a priority as it can exacerbate ARDS and lead to further respiratory compromise. Early identification and treatment of pneumonia can significantly improve the patient's outcome.

B. Heart failure: While heart failure can contribute to respiratory distress, ARDS is primarily a non-cardiogenic condition. Assessing for heart failure is important, but pneumonia is more directly linked to the development of ARDS and should be prioritized.

C. Pulmonary emboli: Although pulmonary embolism can cause acute respiratory distress, it is not the primary concern when dealing with ARDS. Assessing for embolism is important, but pneumonia is a more common and immediate concern in the context of ARDS.

D. Acute pulmonary edema: Acute pulmonary edema is usually associated with cardiac issues and is not the underlying cause of ARDS. While monitoring for pulmonary edema is necessary, pneumonia is the more relevant condition to assess in a patient diagnosed with ARDS.

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Which elevated value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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