A patient has a diagnosis of left ventricular failure. Which of the following signs and symptoms are associated with left ventricular failure?

When the left ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively, blood backs up into the lungs, leading to pulmonary congestion and edema. This can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Decreased venous pressure and hyperoxygenation are not typically associated with left ventricular failure. Bradycardia may occur in some cases, but it is not a defining feature of left ventricular failure.

IgE is the immunoglobulin associated with allergic reactions and is often elevated in patients with asthma. When a person with asthma is exposed to an allergen, their IgE levels increase, leading to the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine, which can cause bronchoconstriction and other symptoms of asthma.

IgA: This is an immunoglobulin that plays a role in the immune system's defense against infections. It is mainly found in the mucous membranes of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

IgG: This is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the bloodstream and plays a role in providing immunity against bacterial and viral infections. It can also cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to a developing fetus.

IgM: This is the first immunoglobulin produced in response to an infection and plays a role in the body's defense against bacterial and viral infections. It is found primarily in the bloodstream.