A nurse is reviewing the medical history of a client who is at 28 weeks of gestation and has pre-term labor.

Which of the following conditions can cause placental abnormalities that can lead to pre-term labor?

Preeclampsia.Preeclampsia is a condition that can cause placental abnormalities that can lead to pre-term labor.Preeclampsia is characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria in pregnant women after 20 weeks of gestation.

Preeclampsia can affect the blood flow to the placenta and cause placental insufficiency, which is a reduced ability of the placenta to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.Placental insufficiency can trigger pre-term labor as a way of protecting the fetus from further hypoxia and growth restriction.

Choice A. Diabetes mellitus is wrong because diabetes mellitus does not directly cause placental abnormalities

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age and it increases the risk of preterm labor.It is caused by an imbalance of the normal vaginal flora and can lead to intra-amniotic infection, which can trigger inflammation and uterine contractions.

Choice B. Candidiasis is wrong because it is a fungal infection that does not increase the risk of preterm labor.

It can cause itching, burning, and discharge, but it does not affect the amniotic fluid or the fetus.

Choice C. Gonorrhea is wrong because it is a bacterial infection that can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which can increase the risk of preterm labor, but it is not as common as bacterial vaginosis.

Gonorrhea can also cause neonatal conjunctivitis if transmitted during delivery.

Choice D. Syphilis is wrong because it is a bacterial infection that can cause congenital syphilis if transmitted during pregnancy, but it does not increase the risk of preterm labor.

Syphilis can cause serious complications such as stillbirth, neonatal death, or neurologic damage.