A nurse is reviewing the medical history of a client who is at 28 weeks of gestation and has pre-term labor.

Which of the following conditions can cause placental abnormalities that can lead to pre-term labor?

The client should limit their physical activity and stress as much as possible, as these are risk factors for pre-term labor.

Some additional explanations are:

• Choice A is correct because smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy can increase the risk of pre-term labor and birth, as well as other complications for the mother and the baby.

• Choice B is correct because any signs of vaginal bleeding or fluid leakage can indicate a problem with the pregnancy, such as placenta previa or premature rupture of membranes, which can lead to pre-term labor and birth.

The client should report these symptoms to their provider immediately.

• Choice D is correct because drinking plenty of fluids and eating a balanced diet can help prevent dehydration and malnutrition, which can also contribute to pre-term labor and birth.The client should also avoid caffeine, artificial sweeteners, and foods that may cause foodborne illness.

Normal ranges for gestational age are 37 to 42 weeks.Pre-term labor is defined as regular contractions that result in the opening of the cervix before 37 weeks of pregnancy.Pre-term birth is the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of pregnancy.

Fetal aneuploidy, which means having an abnormal number of chromosomes, can contribute to pre-term labor.This is because fetal abnormalities are associated with 30% of preterm deliveries.

Choice A is wrong because fetal macrosomia, which means having a large baby, is not a risk factor for pre-term labor.In fact, it may increase the risk of post-term delivery.

Choice C is wrong because fetal distress, which means the baby is not getting enough oxygen or nutrients, is not a cause of pre-term labor, but rather a complication that may occur during labor and delivery.

Choice D is wrong because fetal hydrops, which means having excess fluid in the body tissues, is not a direct cause of pre-term labor, but rather a symptom of other conditions that may affect the baby’s health.

Normal ranges for gestational age are 37 to 42 weeks.Pre-term labor occurs when regular contractions result in the opening of the cervix after week 20 and before week 37 of pregnancy.