A nurse is educating a patient with diabetes mellitus about the chronic complications associated with the disease. What information should be included in the teaching?

Schedule and keep appointments for annual eye exams.

Ensure adequate fluid intake to prevent kidney damage.

Cardiac enzymes will be checked every 6 months.

Podiatry exams are necessary every 3 months.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A rationale

Diabetes mellitus can lead to several chronic complications, including retinopathy, which can cause blindness. Regular eye exams are crucial for early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, scheduling and keeping appointments for annual eye exams is an important part of managing diabetes.

Choice B rationale

While adequate fluid intake is generally important for overall health, it is not specifically effective in preventing kidney damage in patients with diabetes mellitus. Kidney damage in diabetes, also known as diabetic nephropathy, is caused by high blood sugar levels over time, not by dehydration.

Choice C rationale

Regular checks of cardiac enzymes are not a standard part of diabetes management. Cardiac enzymes are typically checked in the context of suspected heart disease or a heart attack, not as a routine measure in diabetes care.

Choice D rationale

While regular foot care is important in diabetes to prevent complications such as foot ulcers and infections, podiatry exams every 3 months are not typically necessary unless the patient has a history of foot problems or a high risk of foot complications.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice D rationale

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when blood sugar levels are extremely high. The primary treatment for HHS is intravenous fluids and insulin. Specifically, 0.9% saline solution IV is often used initially to restore volume and correct severe dehydration.

Choice A rationale

Administration of Glucagon is not the primary treatment for HHS. Glucagon is a hormone that raises blood glucose levels and would not be beneficial in a situation where blood glucose is already extremely high.

Choice B rationale

Dextrose 50% is a concentrated glucose solution and would not be appropriate in the treatment of HHS, where blood glucose levels are already dangerously high.

Choice C rationale

While IV fluids are a crucial part of the treatment for HHS, 0.45% Normal Saline (also known as half-normal saline) is a hypotonic solution and is not typically the first choice for fluid resuscitation in HHS. The preferred initial fluid is often 0.9% saline (normal saline), which is isotonic.

A. Decrease in inflammation at the site of infection. B. Increase in circulating neutrophils. C. Positive culture and sensitivity report. D. Symptomatic fever.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A rationale

A decrease in inflammation at the site of infection is a key indicator that antibiotic therapy is effective. Inflammation is a response to infection, so if the inflammation is reducing, it suggests that the infection is being successfully treated.

Choice B rationale

An increase in circulating neutrophils could indicate an ongoing response to infection, rather than resolution. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that the body produces more of when there’s an infection. Therefore, an increase in neutrophils does not necessarily indicate that the antibiotic therapy has been effective.

Choice C rationale

A positive culture and sensitivity report indicates the presence of bacteria and identifies which antibiotics the bacteria are sensitive to. While this information is crucial for selecting the most effective antibiotic, it does not indicate whether the chosen antibiotic therapy has been effective.

Choice D rationale

A symptomatic fever could indicate an ongoing infection, rather than resolution. While fever can decrease as an infection is brought under control, the presence of a symptomatic fever does not necessarily indicate that the antibiotic therapy has been effective.

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A nurse is educating a patient with diabetes mellitus about the chronic complications associated with the disease. What information should be included in the teaching?

Choice A rationale

Choice B rationale

Choice C rationale

Choice D rationale

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice D rationale

Choice A rationale

Choice B rationale

Choice C rationale

The nurse is evaluating the patient’s response to antibiotic therapy. Which data would indicate that the medication has been effective?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A rationale

Choice B rationale

Choice C rationale

Choice D rationale

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