A nurse is caring for a client who reports xerostomia following radiation therapy to the mandible.

Which of the following is an appropriate action by the nurse?

Suggest rinsing his mouth with an alcohol-based mouth wash.

Instruct the client on the use of esophageal speech.

Offer the client saltine crackers between meals.

Provide humidification of the room air.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Provide humidification of the room air. This is because humidification can help moisten the oral mucosa and reduce the discomfort of xerostomia. Xerostomia is a condition of dry mouth caused by reduced or absent saliva flow, which can occur after radiation therapy to the head and neck area.

Choice A is wrong because rinsing the mouth with an alcohol-based mouth wash can irritate the oral tissues and worsen xerostomia. Alcohol can also dehydrate the mouth and reduce saliva production.

Choice B is wrong because esophageal speech is a method of voice restoration after laryngectomy, not a treatment for xerostomia.

Esophageal speech involves swallowing air into the esophagus and releasing it to create sound.

It has nothing to do with saliva flow or dry mouth.

Choice C is wrong because saltine crackers are dry and hard to swallow without adequate saliva.

They can also scratch the oral mucosa and cause pain or bleeding. Offering the client saltine crackers between meals can aggravate xerostomia and increase the risk of choking.

Normal ranges for saliva flow vary depending on the method of measurement, but generally, a stimulated saliva flow rate of less than 0.7 mL/min or an unstimulated saliva flow rate of less than 0.1 mL/min is considered indicative of xerostomia.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

, dizziness.

Dizziness is a manifestation of hypovolemia, which is a decrease in blood volume due to fluid loss.

Hypovolemia can cause orthostatic hypotension, which is a drop in blood pressure when changing positions. This can lead to dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting.

Choice A, epistaxis, is wrong because it is not a sign of hypovolemia, but rather a possible cause of it. Epistaxis is a nosebleed that can result from trauma, infection, dryness, or coagulation disorders.

Choice B, headache, is wrong because it is not a specific sign of hypovolemia, but rather a nonspecific symptom that can have many causes. Headache can be associated with dehydration, but it can also be caused by stress, infection, inflammation, or other factors.

Choice D, shortness of breath, is wrong because it is not a sign of hypovolemia, but rather a sign of fluid volume excess.

Fluid volume excess is an increase in blood volume due to fluid retention or overload. Fluid volume excess can cause dyspnea, which is difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.

Normal ranges for blood pressure are 90/60 mm Hg to 120/80 mm Hg for adults.

Normal ranges for heart rate are 60 to 100 beats per minute for adults.

A. Atrial fibrillation. B. Complete heart block C. First-degree atrioventricular block D. Premature atrial complexes

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

. Answer and explanation.

The correct answer is choice C, first-degree atrioventricular block.

This is because the PR interval is longer than normal, which indicates a delay in the conduction of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles through the AV node. A normal PR interval is 0.12 to 0.2 seconds, or 3 to 5 small squares on the EKG strip.

In this case, the PR interval is 0.35 seconds, which is more than 5 small squares.

Choice A is wrong because atrial fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia where the atria beat irregularly and rapidly, producing chaotic and variable P waves and an irregular ventricular response.

There is no constant PR interval in atrial fibrillation.

Choice B is wrong because complete heart block is a type of arrhythmia where there is no conduction of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, resulting in independent and dissociated atrial and ventricular rhythms.

There are no consistent P waves or PR intervals in complete heart block.

Choice D is wrong because premature atrial complexes are extra beats that originate from the atria and interrupt the normal sinus rhythm.

They produce abnormal P waves that are different from the sinus P waves, and may have a shorter or longer PR interval depending on the timing of the impulse.

However, they do not cause a constant prolongation of the PR interval.

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A nurse is caring for a client who reports xerostomia following radiation therapy to the mandible. Which of the following is an appropriate action by the nurse?

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A nurse is caring for a client who reports xerostomia following radiation therapy to the mandible.

Which of the following is an appropriate action by the nurse?