A nurse is caring for a client who reports difficulty falling and remaining asleep. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to promote sleep?

A. "Empty the drainage bag every 12 hours.": Urine should be emptied regularly, but not on a fixed 12-hour schedule. The focus is on preventing backflow and maintaining sterility, so the bag should be emptied when it is two-thirds full or as needed, rather than strictly every 12 hours.

B. "Irrigate the indwelling urinary catheter once per shift.": Routine irrigation is not recommended for preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) and can introduce pathogens or cause trauma. Irrigation should only be performed if specifically indicated for obstruction or provider order.

C. "Apply a topical antimicrobial ointment as part of routine catheter care.": Routine application of antimicrobial ointment is not recommended and does not prevent CAUTIs. Proper hygiene and sterile technique are more effective in infection prevention than topical agents.

D. "Keep the drainage bag below the level of the bladder.": Maintaining the drainage bag below the bladder prevents backflow of urine, which is a major risk factor for introducing bacteria into the urinary tract. This simple intervention is a key measure in reducing catheter-associated urinary tract infections.

A. The client's activity level: Physical activity is a modifiable risk factor because the client can increase exercise to reduce cardiovascular risk. Lifestyle changes in activity level can significantly impact heart health and recovery after a myocardial infarction.

B. The client's stress level: Stress is a modifiable risk factor as clients can employ stress-reduction techniques, counseling, or lifestyle modifications to lower cardiovascular risk. Managing stress can improve both short-term and long-term cardiac outcomes.

C. The client's race: Race is a nonmodifiable risk factor because it is inherent and cannot be changed. Certain racial and ethnic groups have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease due to genetic, socioeconomic, and health access factors.

D. The client's diet: Diet is a modifiable risk factor since clients can adjust their nutritional intake to reduce cholesterol, blood pressure, and overall cardiovascular risk. Nutritional counseling is often part of post-MI care to improve outcomes.