A nurse is caring for a client in the intensive care unit. Which of the following laboratory values could contribute to an episode of delirium?

White blood cell level of 5,900 mm3

Potassium level of 4.1 mEq/L

Hemoglobin level of 14.2 g/dL

Blood glucose level of 254 mg/dL

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. White blood cell level of 5,900 mm3: While abnormal white blood cell levels can indicate infection or inflammation, they are not typically associated with directly contributing to an episode of delirium. However, underlying conditions that cause abnormal white blood cell levels, such as infection or inflammation, may contribute to delirium.

B. Potassium level of 4.1 mEq/L: Potassium imbalances can lead to various neurological symptoms, including weakness, paralysis, and cardiac arrhythmias. However, a potassium level of 4.1 mEq/L is within the normal range and is unlikely to directly contribute to an episode of delirium.

C. Hemoglobin level of 14.2 g/dL: Hemoglobin levels reflect the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and are not directly associated with delirium. While severe anemia or hypoxia can cause neurological symptoms, a hemoglobin level of 14.2 g/dL is within the normal range and is unlikely to directly contribute to delirium.

D. Blood glucose level of 254 mg/dL: Elevated blood glucose levels, as indicated by a blood glucose level of 254 mg/dL, can contribute to an episode of delirium. Hyperglycemia can lead to alterations in cerebral metabolism, neuronal dysfunction, and impaired cognitive function, predisposing individuals to delirium. Additionally, hyperglycemia can exacerbate preexisting neurological conditions and increase the risk of developing delirium in critically ill patients. Therefore, monitoring and managing blood glucose levels are essential in preventing and managing delirium in hospitalized patients.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D","E"]

Explanation

A. Restlessness: Restlessness is a common behavioral manifestation in clients with Alzheimer's disease. It can be caused by various factors, including confusion, agitation, discomfort, or unmet needs. Restlessness may manifest as pacing, fidgeting, or difficulty sitting still.

B. Aggression: Aggression, including verbal or physical aggression, is a behavioral manifestation that can occur in clients with Alzheimer's disease. Aggression may result from frustration, confusion, fear, or other underlying factors. It can present challenges for both the individual with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.

C. Depression: Depression is a mood disorder that can occur in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Symptoms of depression may include persistent sadness, feelings of hopelessness, social withdrawal, and loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities. Depression can exacerbate cognitive decline and functional impairment in individuals with Alzheimer's.

D. Hyperactivity: Hyperactivity, characterized by excessive or restless activity, can occur in some individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Hyperactivity may be a manifestation of agitation, anxiety, or other underlying factors. It can present challenges for caregivers and may require interventions to manage.

E. Lethargy: Lethargy, or extreme fatigue and lack of energy, can also occur in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Lethargy may result from physical and cognitive decline, medication side effects, depression, or other medical conditions. It can contribute to decreased engagement in activities and worsening of cognitive function.

A. Diminished hair growth on the lower extremities B. Loss of pigmentation over the shin area C. Shiny appearance to the lower extremities D. Swollen and enlarged veins

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Diminished hair growth on the lower extremities: Diminished hair growth on the lower extremities is not typically a manifestation of peripheral venous disease. Instead, it may suggest poor circulation or arterial insufficiency.

B. Loss of pigmentation over the shin area: Loss of pigmentation over the shin area can occur in conditions such as chronic venous insufficiency, which is a form of peripheral venous disease. However, it is not the most characteristic manifestation.

C. Shiny appearance to the lower extremities: A shiny appearance to the lower extremities is often associated with arterial insufficiency rather than peripheral venous disease. It can indicate thinning of the skin due to poor circulation and oxygenation.

D. Swollen and enlarged veins: Swollen and enlarged veins, also known as varicose veins, are classic manifestations of peripheral venous disease. These veins result from venous insufficiency, which leads to blood pooling and increased pressure in the veins, causing them to dilate and become visibly enlarged.

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A nurse is caring for a client in the intensive care unit. Which of the following laboratory values could contribute to an episode of delirium?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is educating the family of a client who has Alzheimer's disease. The nurse should be sure to communicate that which of the following behavioral manifestations can occur in clients with Alzheimer’s disease? (Select All that Apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D","E"]

Explanation

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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