A nurse is assessing a child with suspected acute otitis media (AOM).
Which clinical manifestations are commonly associated with AOM? Select The correct statements from the following options:.

Choice A rationale:

Otitis media is not mainly caused by the presence of bacteria in the middle ear.

While bacterial infections can contribute to otitis media, it is not the primary cause as per the information provided in the text.

Choice B rationale:

Eustachian tube dysfunction is indeed the primary cause of otitis media.

The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the throat.

When this tube is not functioning correctly, it can lead to the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear, providing an ideal environment for bacterial growth and infection, which results in otitis media.

Choice C rationale:

Otitis media is not primarily caused by allergic reactions.

While allergies can lead to Eustachian tube dysfunction, it is not the main cause of otitis media.

Choice D rationale:

The statement that "The risk factors for otitis media are not well-defined" is incorrect.

The risk factors for otitis media are well-established, including factors like age (more common in children), exposure to smoke, attending daycare, and Eustachian tube abnormalities.

The correct answer is Choice B: Antivirals.

Choice A rationale:

Watchful waiting is a valid approach, especially for mild cases of otitis media, allowing time to see if the condition improves on its own.

Choice B rationale:

Antivirals are not typically used to manage otitis media because it is usually caused by bacterial infections or fluid buildup rather than viruses.

Choice C rationale:

Myringotomy, which involves creating a small incision in the eardrum to drain fluid, is an effective treatment for recurrent or severe cases of otitis media.

Choice D rationale:

Administration of over-the-counter pain relievers helps manage pain and discomfort associated with otitis media and is a common recommendation.