A breakthrough of the 1950s that assisted in the deinstitutionalization movement was:

Hildegard Peplau was a nursing theorist who promoted the interpersonal theory between patient and nurse. She believed that nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal process that involves the development of a close and personal relationship between the nurse and the patient. According to her theory, the nurse should understand the patient's needs, feelings, and behaviors to develop a personalized care plan that would facilitate the patient's recovery.

Mary Mahoney was a nurse who broke racial barriers and became the first African American registered nurse in the United States.

Hattie Bessment was a nurse who promoted nursing education and research.

Linda Richards was the first professionally trained nurse in the United States and established the first nursing school in Japan.

While these nurses contributed significantly to the nursing profession, they did not specifically promote the interpersonal theory between patient and nurse.

The nurse’s ability to listen and observe the client’s verbal and non-verbal messages. Effective communication in the mental health setting requires the nurse to actively listen to the client and to pay close attention to their verbal and non-verbal cues. By doing so, the nurse can better understand the client’s needs and concerns and can provide appropriate support and guidance.

While the nurse’s understanding of mental health disorders (b) and their relationship with the client (d) can also play a role in effective communication, the ability to listen and observe is a fundamental skill that is essential for effective therapeutic communication. The client’s ability to communicate (a) is also important, but it is ultimately the nurse’s responsibility to use effective communication techniques to facilitate the therapeutic process.