Nervous System
-
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this chapter, the learner should be able to:
- Name the major divisions of the nervous system, both anatomical and functional
- Describe the functional and structural differences between gray matter and white matter structures
- Name the parts of the multipolar neuron in order of polarity
- List the types of glial cells and assign each to the proper division of the nervous system, along with their function(s)
- Distinguish the major functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and response
- Describe the components of the membrane that establish the resting membrane potential
- Describe the changes that occur to the membrane that result in the action potential
-
Introduction
Overview of Nervous System Function:
-
- Master regulatory system
- Sends and receives information
- Sensory input (detects changes)
- Integration and processing (making decisions)
- Motor output (stimulates muscles and glands to respond)
- Maintains homeostasis
- Acts as center for thought, learning, and memory
-
Main Cell Types of Nervous System:
-
- Neurons (nerve cells):
- Respond quickly to changes/stimuli
- Conduct electrical impulses via neurotransmitters
- Neuroglia:
- Protect, support, insulate, and nourish neurons
- Do not conduct electrical impulses like neurons
- Neurons (nerve cells):
-
The Flow of Information in the Nervous System
Overview of Nervous System Structure
Central Nervous System (C N S):
-
- Brain
- Spinal cord
-
Peripheral Nervous System (P N S):
-
- Connects CNS to other body parts
- Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
- Two subdivisions:
- Afferent (sensory)
- Efferent (motor)
-
Sensory (Afferent) and Motor Efferent Divisions
Sensory Division:
-
- Sensory receptors perform sensory function (detect changes)
- Receptors convert information into impulses
- Impulses conducted along peripheral nerves to CNS for integration
-
Motor Division:
-
- Neurons that transmit impulses from CNS to effectors perform motor function
- Effectors are muscles or glands outside nervous system
- Two subdivisions:
- Somatic: Transmits voluntary commands to skeletal muscles
- Autonomic: Transmits involuntary commands to viscera
-
Divisions of the Nervous System
Synapse: The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Neurotransmitter: A chemical substance that is released from the AXON TERMINAL by the arrival of a nerve impulse
- Diffuses across the SYNAPSE,
- causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure at the DENDRITE of the other cell
- Acetylcholine: NT; causes muscle to contract
- Dopamine: NT; precursor to epinephrine Central NS: Brain and Spinal Cord
-
Peripheral NS:
- Sensory NS: AFFERENT; send messages TO CNS
- Motor NS: EFFERENT; send messages TO MUSCLES
- Somatic NS: Carries information to CNS from senses, and from CNS to skeletal muscles
- Autonomic NS: Involuntary; controls actions involving cardiac and smooth muscle
- Sympathetic NS: Arouses body; FIGHT or FLIGHT
- Parasympathetic NS: Calms body; Rest and Digest
-
Brain: Control center
- 4 Lobes
- Frontal Lobe: thinking, organizing, emotions, behavior, personality
- Parietal Lobe: perception, making sense, arithmetic, spelling
- Temporal: memory, understanding, language
- Occipital: vision
Brain Anatomy
Cerebellum: Balance and coordination
Cerebrum: Anterior brain
Pons: Brainstem that links medulla and thalamus
Medulla Oblongata: Control center for heart and lungs
Brainstem: Contains the Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Midbrain
Midbrain: Develops from the middle of the embryonic brain
Thalamus: Relays sensory information; pain perception
Hippocampus: Emotion, memory, ANS Amygdala: Emotions
Question 1
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-
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this chapter, the learner should be able to:
- Name the major divisions of the nervous system, both anatomical and functional
- Describe the functional and structural differences between gray matter and white matter structures
- Name the parts of the multipolar neuron in order of polarity
- List the types of glial cells and assign each to the proper division of the nervous system, along with their function(s)
- Distinguish the major functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and response
- Describe the components of the membrane that establish the resting membrane potential
- Describe the changes that occur to the membrane that result in the action potential
-
Introduction
Overview of Nervous System Function:
-
- Master regulatory system
- Sends and receives information
- Sensory input (detects changes)
- Integration and processing (making decisions)
- Motor output (stimulates muscles and glands to respond)
- Maintains homeostasis
- Acts as center for thought, learning, and memory
-
Main Cell Types of Nervous System:
-
- Neurons (nerve cells):
- Respond quickly to changes/stimuli
- Conduct electrical impulses via neurotransmitters
- Neuroglia:
- Protect, support, insulate, and nourish neurons
- Do not conduct electrical impulses like neurons
- Neurons (nerve cells):
-
The Flow of Information in the Nervous System
Overview of Nervous System Structure
Central Nervous System (C N S):
-
- Brain
- Spinal cord
-
Peripheral Nervous System (P N S):
-
- Connects CNS to other body parts
- Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
- Two subdivisions:
- Afferent (sensory)
- Efferent (motor)
-
Sensory (Afferent) and Motor Efferent Divisions
Sensory Division:
-
- Sensory receptors perform sensory function (detect changes)
- Receptors convert information into impulses
- Impulses conducted along peripheral nerves to CNS for integration
-
Motor Division:
-
- Neurons that transmit impulses from CNS to effectors perform motor function
- Effectors are muscles or glands outside nervous system
- Two subdivisions:
- Somatic: Transmits voluntary commands to skeletal muscles
- Autonomic: Transmits involuntary commands to viscera
-
Divisions of the Nervous System
Synapse: The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Neurotransmitter: A chemical substance that is released from the AXON TERMINAL by the arrival of a nerve impulse
- Diffuses across the SYNAPSE,
- causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure at the DENDRITE of the other cell
- Acetylcholine: NT; causes muscle to contract
- Dopamine: NT; precursor to epinephrine Central NS: Brain and Spinal Cord
-
Peripheral NS:
- Sensory NS: AFFERENT; send messages TO CNS
- Motor NS: EFFERENT; send messages TO MUSCLES
- Somatic NS: Carries information to CNS from senses, and from CNS to skeletal muscles
- Autonomic NS: Involuntary; controls actions involving cardiac and smooth muscle
- Sympathetic NS: Arouses body; FIGHT or FLIGHT
- Parasympathetic NS: Calms body; Rest and Digest
-
Brain: Control center
- 4 Lobes
- Frontal Lobe: thinking, organizing, emotions, behavior, personality
- Parietal Lobe: perception, making sense, arithmetic, spelling
- Temporal: memory, understanding, language
- Occipital: vision
Brain Anatomy
Cerebellum: Balance and coordination
Cerebrum: Anterior brain
Pons: Brainstem that links medulla and thalamus
Medulla Oblongata: Control center for heart and lungs
Brainstem: Contains the Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Midbrain
Midbrain: Develops from the middle of the embryonic brain
Thalamus: Relays sensory information; pain perception
Hippocampus: Emotion, memory, ANS Amygdala: Emotions
Question 1
-
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this chapter, the learner should be able to:
- Name the major divisions of the nervous system, both anatomical and functional
- Describe the functional and structural differences between gray matter and white matter structures
- Name the parts of the multipolar neuron in order of polarity
- List the types of glial cells and assign each to the proper division of the nervous system, along with their function(s)
- Distinguish the major functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and response
- Describe the components of the membrane that establish the resting membrane potential
- Describe the changes that occur to the membrane that result in the action potential
-
Introduction
Overview of Nervous System Function:
-
- Master regulatory system
- Sends and receives information
- Sensory input (detects changes)
- Integration and processing (making decisions)
- Motor output (stimulates muscles and glands to respond)
- Maintains homeostasis
- Acts as center for thought, learning, and memory
-
Main Cell Types of Nervous System:
-
- Neurons (nerve cells):
- Respond quickly to changes/stimuli
- Conduct electrical impulses via neurotransmitters
- Neuroglia:
- Protect, support, insulate, and nourish neurons
- Do not conduct electrical impulses like neurons
- Neurons (nerve cells):
-
The Flow of Information in the Nervous System
Overview of Nervous System Structure
Central Nervous System (C N S):
-
- Brain
- Spinal cord
-
Peripheral Nervous System (P N S):
-
- Connects CNS to other body parts
- Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
- Two subdivisions:
- Afferent (sensory)
- Efferent (motor)
-
Sensory (Afferent) and Motor Efferent Divisions
Sensory Division:
-
- Sensory receptors perform sensory function (detect changes)
- Receptors convert information into impulses
- Impulses conducted along peripheral nerves to CNS for integration
-
Motor Division:
-
- Neurons that transmit impulses from CNS to effectors perform motor function
- Effectors are muscles or glands outside nervous system
- Two subdivisions:
- Somatic: Transmits voluntary commands to skeletal muscles
- Autonomic: Transmits involuntary commands to viscera
-
Divisions of the Nervous System
Synapse: The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Neurotransmitter: A chemical substance that is released from the AXON TERMINAL by the arrival of a nerve impulse
- Diffuses across the SYNAPSE,
- causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure at the DENDRITE of the other cell
- Acetylcholine: NT; causes muscle to contract
- Dopamine: NT; precursor to epinephrine Central NS: Brain and Spinal Cord
-
Peripheral NS:
- Sensory NS: AFFERENT; send messages TO CNS
- Motor NS: EFFERENT; send messages TO MUSCLES
- Somatic NS: Carries information to CNS from senses, and from CNS to skeletal muscles
- Autonomic NS: Involuntary; controls actions involving cardiac and smooth muscle
- Sympathetic NS: Arouses body; FIGHT or FLIGHT
- Parasympathetic NS: Calms body; Rest and Digest
-
Brain: Control center
- 4 Lobes
- Frontal Lobe: thinking, organizing, emotions, behavior, personality
- Parietal Lobe: perception, making sense, arithmetic, spelling
- Temporal: memory, understanding, language
- Occipital: vision
Brain Anatomy
Cerebellum: Balance and coordination
Cerebrum: Anterior brain
Pons: Brainstem that links medulla and thalamus
Medulla Oblongata: Control center for heart and lungs
Brainstem: Contains the Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Midbrain
Midbrain: Develops from the middle of the embryonic brain
Thalamus: Relays sensory information; pain perception
Hippocampus: Emotion, memory, ANS Amygdala: Emotions
Question 1
-
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this chapter, the learner should be able to:
- Name the major divisions of the nervous system, both anatomical and functional
- Describe the functional and structural differences between gray matter and white matter structures
- Name the parts of the multipolar neuron in order of polarity
- List the types of glial cells and assign each to the proper division of the nervous system, along with their function(s)
- Distinguish the major functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and response
- Describe the components of the membrane that establish the resting membrane potential
- Describe the changes that occur to the membrane that result in the action potential
-
Introduction
Overview of Nervous System Function:
-
- Master regulatory system
- Sends and receives information
- Sensory input (detects changes)
- Integration and processing (making decisions)
- Motor output (stimulates muscles and glands to respond)
- Maintains homeostasis
- Acts as center for thought, learning, and memory
-
Main Cell Types of Nervous System:
-
- Neurons (nerve cells):
- Respond quickly to changes/stimuli
- Conduct electrical impulses via neurotransmitters
- Neuroglia:
- Protect, support, insulate, and nourish neurons
- Do not conduct electrical impulses like neurons
- Neurons (nerve cells):
-
The Flow of Information in the Nervous System
Overview of Nervous System Structure
Central Nervous System (C N S):
-
- Brain
- Spinal cord
-
Peripheral Nervous System (P N S):
-
- Connects CNS to other body parts
- Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
- Two subdivisions:
- Afferent (sensory)
- Efferent (motor)
-
Sensory (Afferent) and Motor Efferent Divisions
Sensory Division:
-
- Sensory receptors perform sensory function (detect changes)
- Receptors convert information into impulses
- Impulses conducted along peripheral nerves to CNS for integration
-
Motor Division:
-
- Neurons that transmit impulses from CNS to effectors perform motor function
- Effectors are muscles or glands outside nervous system
- Two subdivisions:
- Somatic: Transmits voluntary commands to skeletal muscles
- Autonomic: Transmits involuntary commands to viscera
-
Divisions of the Nervous System
Synapse: The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Neurotransmitter: A chemical substance that is released from the AXON TERMINAL by the arrival of a nerve impulse
- Diffuses across the SYNAPSE,
- causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure at the DENDRITE of the other cell
- Acetylcholine: NT; causes muscle to contract
- Dopamine: NT; precursor to epinephrine Central NS: Brain and Spinal Cord
-
Peripheral NS:
- Sensory NS: AFFERENT; send messages TO CNS
- Motor NS: EFFERENT; send messages TO MUSCLES
- Somatic NS: Carries information to CNS from senses, and from CNS to skeletal muscles
- Autonomic NS: Involuntary; controls actions involving cardiac and smooth muscle
- Sympathetic NS: Arouses body; FIGHT or FLIGHT
- Parasympathetic NS: Calms body; Rest and Digest
-
Brain: Control center
- 4 Lobes
- Frontal Lobe: thinking, organizing, emotions, behavior, personality
- Parietal Lobe: perception, making sense, arithmetic, spelling
- Temporal: memory, understanding, language
- Occipital: vision
Brain Anatomy
Cerebellum: Balance and coordination
Cerebrum: Anterior brain
Pons: Brainstem that links medulla and thalamus
Medulla Oblongata: Control center for heart and lungs
Brainstem: Contains the Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Midbrain
Midbrain: Develops from the middle of the embryonic brain
Thalamus: Relays sensory information; pain perception
Hippocampus: Emotion, memory, ANS Amygdala: Emotions
Question 1
-
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this chapter, the learner should be able to:
- Name the major divisions of the nervous system, both anatomical and functional
- Describe the functional and structural differences between gray matter and white matter structures
- Name the parts of the multipolar neuron in order of polarity
- List the types of glial cells and assign each to the proper division of the nervous system, along with their function(s)
- Distinguish the major functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and response
- Describe the components of the membrane that establish the resting membrane potential
- Describe the changes that occur to the membrane that result in the action potential
-
Introduction
Overview of Nervous System Function:
-
- Master regulatory system
- Sends and receives information
- Sensory input (detects changes)
- Integration and processing (making decisions)
- Motor output (stimulates muscles and glands to respond)
- Maintains homeostasis
- Acts as center for thought, learning, and memory
-
Main Cell Types of Nervous System:
-
- Neurons (nerve cells):
- Respond quickly to changes/stimuli
- Conduct electrical impulses via neurotransmitters
- Neuroglia:
- Protect, support, insulate, and nourish neurons
- Do not conduct electrical impulses like neurons
- Neurons (nerve cells):
-
The Flow of Information in the Nervous System
Overview of Nervous System Structure
Central Nervous System (C N S):
-
- Brain
- Spinal cord
-
Peripheral Nervous System (P N S):
-
- Connects CNS to other body parts
- Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
- Two subdivisions:
- Afferent (sensory)
- Efferent (motor)
-
Sensory (Afferent) and Motor Efferent Divisions
Sensory Division:
-
- Sensory receptors perform sensory function (detect changes)
- Receptors convert information into impulses
- Impulses conducted along peripheral nerves to CNS for integration
-
Motor Division:
-
- Neurons that transmit impulses from CNS to effectors perform motor function
- Effectors are muscles or glands outside nervous system
- Two subdivisions:
- Somatic: Transmits voluntary commands to skeletal muscles
- Autonomic: Transmits involuntary commands to viscera
-
Divisions of the Nervous System
Synapse: The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Neurotransmitter: A chemical substance that is released from the AXON TERMINAL by the arrival of a nerve impulse
- Diffuses across the SYNAPSE,
- causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure at the DENDRITE of the other cell
- Acetylcholine: NT; causes muscle to contract
- Dopamine: NT; precursor to epinephrine Central NS: Brain and Spinal Cord
-
Peripheral NS:
- Sensory NS: AFFERENT; send messages TO CNS
- Motor NS: EFFERENT; send messages TO MUSCLES
- Somatic NS: Carries information to CNS from senses, and from CNS to skeletal muscles
- Autonomic NS: Involuntary; controls actions involving cardiac and smooth muscle
- Sympathetic NS: Arouses body; FIGHT or FLIGHT
- Parasympathetic NS: Calms body; Rest and Digest
-
Brain: Control center
- 4 Lobes
- Frontal Lobe: thinking, organizing, emotions, behavior, personality
- Parietal Lobe: perception, making sense, arithmetic, spelling
- Temporal: memory, understanding, language
- Occipital: vision
Brain Anatomy
Cerebellum: Balance and coordination
Cerebrum: Anterior brain
Pons: Brainstem that links medulla and thalamus
Medulla Oblongata: Control center for heart and lungs
Brainstem: Contains the Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Midbrain
Midbrain: Develops from the middle of the embryonic brain
Thalamus: Relays sensory information; pain perception
Hippocampus: Emotion, memory, ANS Amygdala: Emotions
Question 1
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